Dental implant having a recessed surface for sealing

ABSTRACT

Apparatus is provided that includes a dental implant having a central longitudinal axis, a lateral external surface, and a distal implant portion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant. The implant being shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having (a) at least one distal opening through a distal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b) a lateral opening open to the lateral external surface. The implant is also shaped so as to define a recessed surface that (a) is recessed from the lateral external surface, (b) is outside of the lumen, and (c) completely surrounds the lateral opening. Other embodiments are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/485,199, filed Jun. 16, 2009, which issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,029,284, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/240,353, filed Sep. 29, 2008, which issued as U.S. Pat No.7,934,929, which is assigned to the assignee of the present applicationand is incorporation herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to dental implants andimplantation methods, and specifically to minimally-invasive sinus liftimplants and implantation methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Osseointegrated dental implants are typically metallic or ceramic screwsthat are placed in the jawbone for supporting artificial teeth after theloss of natural teeth. Replacement of the maxillary teeth is often achallenging surgical procedure when the remaining maxillary bone hasinsufficient height to support the implant. One surgical technique foraugmenting the maxillary bone includes injecting a regenerativematerial, such as autogenic, allogeneic, xenogeneic, or synthetic bonegraft, into the vicinity of the maxillary bone. The regenerativematerial forms additional bone mass that integrates with the existingmaxillary bone, providing the necessary alveolar height to support theimplant.

Bone augmentation procedures are often surgically difficult to perform,and are associated with complications, including infection of themaxillary sinus. The top of the maxillary alveolar ridge forms the floorof the maxillary sinus, and is covered by a thin membrane known as theSchneiderian or subantral membrane. In one surgical procedure, known asa closed or internal sinus lift or elevation procedure, the surgeondrills a bore through the maxillary alveolar ridge from the oral cavityat the desired location of the implant. The bore penetrates the ridge tobelow the Schneiderian membrane. The surgeon injects the regenerativematerial through the bore to below the membrane, forming a cavitydefined by the top of the ridge and the bottom of the membrane, whichcavity occupies a portion of the space initially occupied by themaxillary sinus.

To prevent potentially serious complications, the surgeon must becareful not to perforate the Schneiderian membrane. This is oftendifficult, because of the delicacy of the membrane, and the restrictedaccess afforded by the closed approach.

Sotirakis E, in an article entitled, “A different method for elevationof the floor of the maxillary sinus: Experimental study and reference tosome cases,” Mediterranean Dental Implant Congress (Athens, Greece),Scientific Programme MDIC (2004), which is incorporated herein byreference, describes a surgical procedure for elevating the antral floorusing hydraulic pressure applied with a medical syringe. The procedurewas first tested experimentally on hen's eggs as a surrogate sinus, andsubsequently on human cadaver preparations.

Chen L et al., in an article entitled, “An 8-year retrospective study:1,100 patients receiving 1,557 implants using the minimally invasivehydraulic sinus condensing technique,” J Periodontol 76:482-491 (2005),which is incorporated herein by reference, describe an internal crestalapproach for performing sinus lift and placing endosseous implants.Sinus burs and condensers of increasing width were used in conjunctionwith pliable atraumatic bone grafting mixture and hydraulic pressurefrom a surgical handpiece. The risk of membrane perforation was reducedusing the surgeon's tactile skill administered in a two-stage process tofirst loosen and then graft bone particulate under the Schneiderianmembrane. Threaded implants were placed during the same procedure, andsecured via primary closure.

US Patent Application Publication 2006/0084034 to Hochman, which isincorporated herein by reference, describes techniques for providingimplants in the upper jaw. A sleeve is inserted through the alveolarridge to the maxillary sinus. The sleeve is used to raise the subantralmembrane and form a cavity. A filler, such as a bone growth stimulant,is injected through the sleeve into the cavity. In the process, thesleeve also can cut and/or condense the bone around itself so that thebone can hold an implant. Optionally, the bone growth stimulant is alsointroduced into the bone surrounding the sleeve. During the injection,the pressure within the sleeve or the cavity is monitored to detect andprevent the rupture of the subantral membrane.

US Patent Application Publication 2006/0172255 to Hochman et al., whichis incorporated herein by reference, describes a surgical tool used forpreparing a surgical sinus-lift osteotomy. The tool has a defined threadgeometry in series with an osteotome tip to cut, crack and push bonefrom the sinus floor upward into the sinus cavity in a tactual, gentleand controlled motion. The apical osteotome tip is driven into apre-drilled pilot osteotomy after the cutting threads are engaged androtated until the sinus floor is cracked free. Once the bony sinus flooris cracked free, a fluid passageway can be pressurized with a sterilefluid at a defined pressure to release and push the sinus membraneupward into the sinus cavity to create a desired apical cavity forgrafting.

US Patent Application Publication 2007/0162024 to Siemonsmeier, which isincorporated herein by reference, describes an implant comprising atleast one shaft area for anchoring in a bony structure, and at least oneopening at the distal end of the shaft area in which the shaft area hasa continuous bore extending from the opening to at least one outlet atthe apical end, so that targeted introduction of material at least intothe periapical area is possible with a stable anchoring in the bonestructure even after implantation.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,315 to Jerusalmy, which is incorporated herein byreference, describes a method for subantral augmentation including thesteps of lifting the Schneiderian membrane from the antral floor, andplacing graft material between the Schneiderian membrane and the antralfloor, without fracturing the lateral maxillary wall.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,650 to Niznick et al., which is incorporated hereinby reference, describes a twist-bladed dental drill with an enhancedcutting tip for preparing surgical sites for endosseous implants. Thedrill includes a central, axially-extending internal passageway forcarrying fluid through the shank of the drill to the outer surfaces ofthe drill.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,758,673 to Fromovich et al., which is incorporatedherein by reference, describes techniques for gradual displacing of theperiosteal tissue covering bones. The gap developing between the boneand the displaced periosteal tissue will be filled with bone callus asit is in distraction osteogenesis. The techniques allow formation ofbone in distraction osteogenesis without cutting a segment of the bone.

The following references may be of interest:

U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,416 to Niznick

U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,818 to Shaw

U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,601 to Sendax

U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,650 to Niznick et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,716 to Linkow

U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,036 to Hinds

U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,918 to Klardie et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,160 to Hahn et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,977 to Rogers et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,899 to Robinson

U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,161 to Lazzara

U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,777 to Klein et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,479 to Kwan

U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,102 to Smith et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,430 to Kitamura et al.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,232 to Fromovich et al.

US Patent Application Publication 2003/0105469 to Karmon

US Patent Application Publication 2003/0232308 to Simmons, Jr.

U.S. Provisional Application 60/619,542 to Hochman

PCT Publication WO 07/080,595 to Levi et al.

PCT Publication WO 07/114,553 to Ahn

Riley ET et al., “The Episure syringe: a novel loss of resistancesyringe for locating the epidural space,” Anesth Analg. 105(4):1164-6(October 2007)

Muronoi M et al., “Simplified procedure for augmentation of the sinusfloor using a haemostatic nasal balloon,” British Journal Of Oral &Maxillofacial Surgery 41(2):120-121 (2003)

Vercellotti T, “Piezoelectric surgery in implantology: a case report—anew piezoelectric ridge expansion technique,” Int J PeriodonticsRestorative Dent 20(4):358-65 (2000)

Vercellotti T et al., “The Piezoelectric Bony Window Osteotomy and SinusMembrane Elevation Introduction of a New Technique for Simplification ofthe Sinus Augmentation Procedure,” Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent21(6):561-7 (2001)

Flanagan D, “Important arterial supply of the mandible, control of anarterial hemorrhage, and report of a hemorrhagic incident,” J OralImplantol 29(4):165-73 (2003)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the present invention provide a self-tappingosseointegrated dental implant and minimally-invasive closed sinus lifttechniques for augmenting the maxillary alveolar ridge while reducingthe risk of perforating the Schneiderian membrane and of infection. Thedental implant is shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having adistal opening through a distal external surface of a distal portion ofthe implant. During an implantation procedure, a surgeon simultaneouslyforms a bore through the maxillary alveolar ridge and advances theimplant into the bore by screwing the implant into the ridge. For someapplications, while the surgeon screws the implant, a fluid is providedunder monitored pressure to the distal implant portion via the lumen. Adrop in the pressure is detected as the distal implant end forms anopening through the top of the ridge to below the Schneiderian membrane,thereby bringing the distal opening into fluid communication with asurface of the membrane facing the ridge. Upon detection of the pressuredrop, the surgeon ceases screwing the implant to avoid perforating themembrane.

The surgeon gently lifts and separates the membrane from the top of theridge by injecting a fluid under controlled pressure via the lumen, soas to form a cavity below the membrane between the ridge and themembrane. The surgeon injects a regenerative material, such as liquid orgel bone graft, via the lumen into the cavity. Alternatively, thesurgeon forms a second bore through the ridge, and injects theregenerative material into the cavity through this second bore. Thesurgeon further screws the implant into the regenerative material in thecavity. After bone grows into the regenerative material, a dentalappliance, such as a crown, is coupled to the implant.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a proximal end of thelumen of the implant has a lateral opening through a lateral externalsurface of the implant, and is not open to a proximal external surfaceof the implant within 2 mm of the proximal-most part of the implant. Theimplant typically is permanently closed within 3 mm of the proximal-mostpart. During the implantation procedure, the additional screwing of theimplant into the regenerative material advances the lateral externalsurface of the implant until the lateral opening is positioned entirelywithin the bore in the ridge and/or within the regenerative material inthe cavity between the ridge and the membrane. Such positioning of bothends of the lumen within bone (current or future) substantially reducesthe risk of infection, because the proximal end of the implant that isexposed to the oral cavity or gingiva is permanently closed.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a delivery tube is coupledto the lumen via the lateral opening. After injecting the regenerativematerial into the cavity from the delivery tube via the lumen, thesurgeon decouples the delivery tube from the implant before furtherrotating the implant to bring the lateral opening entirely within thebore in the ridge and/or the cavity.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the distal end of thedelivery tube is initially welded to the implant. A portion of the wallof the delivery tube is thinner than the wall immediately adjacent tothe portion, such that application of a breaking torque to the deliverytube breaks the delivery tube at the thinner portion, thereby decouplingthe delivery tube from the implant. The thinner portion is typicallyrecessed into the lateral external surface of the implant, below theraised helical rib of screw thread. As a result, the small distal brokenportion of the delivery tube that remains coupled to the implant afterthe delivery tube is broken does not interfere with the functioning ofthe screw thread.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the distal portion of theimplant is shaped so as to define at least one end mill cutter surface,at least one self-tapping surface, or both the at least one end millcutter surface and the at least one self-tapping surface. Unlikeconventional end mill and self-tapping surfaces, the end mill cutter andself-tapping surfaces do not extend into a central area of the implantthat defines a lumen that opens through a center of the distal end ofthe implant. This confining of the surfaces to the outer area of theimplant accommodates the distal opening and lumen.

For some applications, the implant system comprises a swivel jointhaving proximal and distal joint portions, which define proximal anddistal joint ports, respectively. The joint is arranged so as to definea fluid path from the proximal joint port to the distal joint port viathe proximal and distal joint portions. The proximal and distal jointportions are arranged to be rotatable with respect to one another suchthat the fluid path is preserved during rotation. The proximal end ofthe delivery tube is coupled to the distal joint port, and a supplytube, which is coupled to a source of fluid, is coupled to the proximaljoint port, such that the delivery tube and the supply tube are in fluidcommunication with one another via the swivel joint.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the implant comprises avalve arranged in a fluid path defined by the lumen, or in a fluid pathdefined by the delivery tube. For some applications, the valve isconfigured to allow passage of material through the lumen in a directionfrom the lateral opening toward the distal implant end, and to preventthe passage in an opposite direction. Alternatively, the valve may beconfigured to be bidirectional.

In some embodiments of the present invention, an applicator is removablycoupled to the proximal end of the implant during a portion of animplantation procedure. The applicator comprises a chamber that is influid communication with the lumen, and an elastic pressure-applyingelement that is configured to apply pressure to the chamber. While thesurgeon screws the implant into the ridge, pressure is applied by fluidin the chamber to the distal implant portion via the lumen. A drop inthe pressure is detected as the distal implant end forms an openingthrough the top of the ridge to below a Schneiderian membrane, therebybringing the distal opening into fluid communication with a surface ofthe membrane facing the ridge. Upon detection of the pressure drop, thesurgeon ceases to screw the implant.

For some applications, the pressure is applied by initially inflating aballoon that defines the chamber with the fluid to greater thanatmospheric pressure. Alternatively or additionally, the pressure isapplied by the surgeon squeezing the chamber in conjunction withscrewing the implant. For other applications, the elasticpressure-applying element comprises a piston and a spring configured toapply pressure to the chamber. For some applications, the chambercontains a fluid, and the applicator comprises an indicator element thatis arranged with the piston to indicate when the pressure applied to thechamber has caused ejection of at least a portion of the fluid from thechamber out of the distal implant portion via the lumen.

For some applications, the implant comprises a plug removably coupled tothe implant so as to seal the distal lumen end. The plug comes looseduring the implantation procedure by friction generated by the screwingof the implant, allowing the fluid to escape from the chamber as thedistal implant end forms the opening from the top of the ridge to belowthe membrane.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a minimally-invasiveclosed lateral ridge augmentation surgical procedure is provided forimplanting a dental implant. The procedure is typically employed when apatient's maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridge lacks sufficient bonewidth to support a dental implant. A dental implement is provided thathas a distal portion that extends from a distal end along up to 50% of alongitudinal length of the implement. The implement is shaped so as todefine a lumen therethrough having at least one distal opening through adistal external surface of the distal portion. The surgeon forms a borein bone of an alveolar ridge, and inserts the implement into the bore atleast until the distal opening comes into fluid communication withperiosteal tissue covering a lateral surface of the bone. The surgeondelaminates the periosteal tissue from the bone by injecting a fluidthrough the lumen to form a cavity between the bone and the periostealtissue. After delaminating the periosteal tissue, the surgeon injects aregenerative material into the cavity via the lumen. The dentalimplement typically comprises the dental implant, a dental osteotome, ora dental drilling element.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a proximal-most part, a lateral externalsurface, and a distal implant portion that extends from a distal implantend along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant,

the implant being shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough (a) havingat least one distal opening through a distal external surface of thedistal implant portion, (b) having a lateral opening through the lateralexternal surface, and (c) not open to a proximal external surface of theimplant within 2 mm of the proximal-most part of the implant.

For some applications, the lumen is not open to the proximal externalsurface of the implant within 3 mm of the proximal-most part of theimplant.

Typically, the at least one distal opening is located on the distalexternal surface at one or more locations selected from the groupconsisting of: a center of the distal implant end, a location on thedistal implant end other than the center, and a location on the distalimplant portion other than on the distal implant end.

Typically, the dental implant is permanently closed within 3 mm of theproximal-most part of the implant.

For some applications, the longitudinal length is less than 20 mm, andthe implant has a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

For some applications, the lateral opening is at least 1.5 mm from thedistal implant end, such as at least 2 mm from the proximal implant end,or at least 3 mm from the proximal implant end.

For some applications, at least a portion of the lateral externalsurface is shaped so as to define a cutting surface. For someapplications, the lateral opening is within the portion of the lateralexternal surface that defines the cutting surface.

For some applications, at least a portion of the lateral externalsurface is shaped so as to define a screw thread. For some applications,the lateral opening is within the portion of the lateral externalsurface that defines the screw thread.

For some applications, the implant includes a valve arranged in a fluidpath defined by the lumen. Typically, the valve is configured to allowpassage of material through the lumen in a direction from the lateralopening toward the distal implant end, and to prevent the passage in anopposite direction.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further includes a delivery tube havinga proximal tube end and a distal tube end, which distal tube end isremovably coupled to the implant such that the delivery tube is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the lateral opening when the deliverytube is coupled to the implant. For some applications, the delivery tubeincludes a valve arranged in a fluid path defined by the delivery tube.For some applications, the apparatus further includes a swivel jointhaving distal and proximal joint portions defining distal and proximaljoint ports, respectively, the swivel joint arranged so as to define afluid path from the proximal joint port to the distal joint port via theproximal and distal joint portions, which are arranged to be rotatablewith respect to one another such that the fluid path is preserved duringrotation, and the proximal tube end is coupled to the distal joint port.For some applications, the apparatus further includes an applicator,which is removably coupled to a proximal implant end of the implant, andthe swivel joint defines a bore therethrough, in which at least aportion of the applicator is positioned.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing a dental implant having a proximal-most part, a lateralexternal surface, and a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, the implant shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough (a)having at least one distal opening through a distal external surface ofthe distal implant portion, (b) having a lateral opening through thelateral external surface, and (c) not open to a proximal externalsurface of the implant within 2 mm of the proximal-most part of theimplant;

forming a bore through a maxillary alveolar ridge;

inserting the implant into the bore at least until the distal openingcomes into fluid communication with a surface of a Schneiderian membranefacing the ridge; and

raising the membrane to form a cavity between the ridge and themembrane.

Typically, forming the bore includes forming at least a portion of thebore by inserting the implant into the ridge and rotating the implant.For some applications, forming the bore includes forming a preparatoryportion of the bore using a dental drill, and subsequently forming theat least a portion of the bore by inserting the implant into the ridgeand rotating the implant.

In an embodiment, the method further includes: after raising themembrane, injecting a regenerative material into the cavity via thelumen; and, after injecting the material, further rotating the implantuntil the lateral opening is positioned entirely within at least onelocation selected from the group consisting of: the bore in the ridge,and the cavity between the ridge and the membrane. For someapplications, injecting includes injecting the regenerative material viathe lumen from a delivery tube removably coupled to the implant suchthat the delivery tube is in fluid communication with the lumen via thelateral opening when the delivery tube is coupled to the implant, andthe method further includes, after injecting the material and before thelateral opening is positioned entirely within the at least one location,decoupling the delivery tube from the implant. For some applications,raising the membrane includes injecting a fluid through the bore, andmeasuring a volume of the injected fluid, and injecting the regenerativematerial includes determining an amount of the regenerative material toinject into the cavity responsively to the measured volume of the fluid.

There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing a dental implant having a proximal-most part, a lateralexternal surface, and a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, the implant shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough havingat least one distal opening through a distal external surface of thedistal implant portion, having a lateral opening through the lateralexternal surface, and not open to a proximal external surface of theimplant within 2 mm of the proximal-most part of the implant;

forming a bore through a maxillary alveolar ridge;

inserting the implant into the bore at least until the distal openingcomes into fluid communication with a surface of a nasal floor membranefacing the ridge; and

raising the membrane to form a cavity between the ridge and themembrane.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a proximal implant end, a lateral externalsurface, and a distal implant portion that extends from a distal implantend along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant, wherein thelateral external surface is indented so as to define a channel along thelateral external surface between (a) a first location on the distalimplant portion on the lateral external surface and (b) a secondlocation on the lateral external surface between the first location andthe proximal implant end, not inclusive; and

a delivery tube, a distal portion of which is positioned within thechannel.

For some applications, the second location is at least 2 mm from theproximal implant end.

For some applications, at least a portion of the lateral externalsurface is shaped so as to define a screw thread including a raisedhelical rib going around the implant, and the channel crosses the rib ata plurality of sites on the lateral external surface.

For some applications, the apparatus further includes a swivel jointhaving distal and proximal joint portions defining distal and proximaljoint ports, respectively, the swivel joint arranged so as to define afluid path from the proximal joint port to the distal joint port via theproximal and distal joint portions, which are arranged to be rotatablewith respect to one another such that the fluid path is preserved duringrotation, and a proximal end of the delivery tube is coupled to thedistal joint port.

For some applications, the longitudinal length is less than 20 mm, andthe implant has a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention, a method including:

providing (i) a dental implant having a proximal implant end, a lateralexternal surface, and a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, wherein the lateral external surface is indented so as todefine a channel along the lateral external surface between (a) a firstlocation of the distal implant portion on the lateral external surfaceand (b) a second location on the lateral external surface between thefirst location and the proximal implant end, not inclusive, and (ii) adelivery tube, a distal portion of which is positioned within thechannel;

forming a bore through a maxillary alveolar ridge;

inserting the implant into the bore at least until the first locationcomes into fluid communication with a surface of a Schneiderian membranefacing the ridge; and

raising the membrane to form a cavity between the ridge and themembrane.

Typically, forming the bore includes forming at least a portion of thebore by inserting the implant into the ridge and rotating the implant.For some applications, forming the bore includes forming a preparatoryportion of the bore using a dental drill, and subsequently forming theat least a portion of the bore by inserting the implant into the ridgeand rotating the implant.

In an embodiment, the method further includes: after raising themembrane, injecting a regenerative material into the cavity via adelivery tube, a distal portion of which is positioned within thechannel; and, after injecting the material, further rotating the implantuntil the second location is positioned entirely within at least onelocation selected from the group consisting of: the bore in the ridge,and the cavity between the ridge and the membrane. For someapplications, the method further includes, after injecting the materialand before the second location is positioned entirely within the atleast one location, removing the delivery tube from the channel. Forsome applications, raising the membrane includes injecting a fluidthrough the bore, and measuring a volume of the injected fluid, andinjecting the regenerative material includes determining an amount ofthe regenerative material to inject into the cavity responsively to themeasured volume of the fluid.

There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, a method including:

providing a dental implant having a lateral external surface and adistal implant portion that extends from a distal implant end along upto 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant, the implant shaped so asto define a lumen therethrough having at least one distal openingthrough a distal external surface of the distal implant portion;

forming a bore through an alveolar ridge by inserting the implant intothe ridge and rotating the implant;

while forming the bore, providing a fluid under pressure to the distalimplant portion via the lumen, and monitoring the pressure of the fluid;and

detecting a drop in the pressure as the distal opening comes into fluidcommunication with the area beyond the ridge.

For some applications, the alveolar ridge is a maxillary alveolar ridge,forming the bore includes forming the bore through the maxillaryalveolar ridge, and detecting includes detecting the drop in thepressure as the distal opening comes into the fluid communication with asurface of a Schneiderian membrane facing the ridge.

For some applications, the alveolar ridge is a mandibular alveolarridge, forming the bore includes forming the bore through the mandibularalveolar ridge, and detecting includes detecting the drop in thepressure as the distal opening comes into fluid communication with anarea beyond the mandibular alveolar ridge.

For some applications, the alveolar ridge is a maxillary alveolar ridge,forming the bore includes forming the bore through the maxillaryalveolar ridge, and detecting includes detecting the drop in thepressure as the distal opening comes into the fluid communication with asurface of a nasal floor membrane facing the ridge.

Typically, rotating the implant includes ceasing to rotate the implantresponsively to detecting the pressure drop.

For some applications, providing the implant includes providing theimplant shaped such that the lumen is open to the lateral externalsurface and not open to a proximal external surface of the implantwithin 2 mm of a proximal-most part of the implant.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing a dental implement having (a) a distal portion that extendsfrom a distal end along up to 6 mm of a longitudinal length of the bit,and (b) a lateral external surface that is shaped so as to define acutting surface at least in a vicinity of the distal end, the implementshaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having at least one distalopening through a distal external surface of the distal portion;

forming a bore through a bone by inserting the implement into the boneand rotating the implement;

while forming the bore, providing a fluid under pressure to the distalportion via the lumen, and monitoring the pressure of the fluid; and

detecting a drop in the pressure as the distal opening comes into fluidcommunication with an area beyond the bone.

In an embodiment, wherein providing the dental implement comprisesproviding a dental drill bit.

In an embodiment, providing the dental implement comprises providing adental osteotome

For some applications, the distal portion extends from the distal endalong up to 4 mm of the longitudinal length of the implement, such asalong up to 2 mm of the longitudinal length of the implement.

For some applications, the bone is a maxillary alveolar ridge, formingthe bore includes forming the bore through the maxillary alveolar ridge,and detecting includes detecting the drop in the pressure as the distalopening comes into the fluid communication with a surface of aSchneiderian membrane facing the ridge.

For some applications, the bone is a mandibular alveolar ridge, formingthe bore includes forming the bore through the mandibular alveolarridge, and detecting includes detecting the drop in the pressure as thedistal opening comes into the fluid communication with the area beyondthe mandibular alveolar ridge.

For some applications, the bone is a maxillary alveolar ridge, formingthe bore includes forming the bore through the maxillary alveolar ridge,and detecting includes detecting the drop in the pressure as the distalopening comes into the fluid communication with a surface of a nasalfloor membrane facing the ridge.

For some applications, the bone is an alveolar ridge, forming the boreincludes forming a first bore with an inclined entry at a first locationon the ridge, and the method further includes: injecting a regenerativematerial through the first bore; forming a second bore at a secondlocation on the ridge; and inserting a dental implant into the secondbore.

For some applications, the bone is a palate, wherein forming the boreincludes forming a first bore at a first location on the palate, and themethod further includes: injecting a regenerative material through thefirst bore; forming a second bore at a second location on a maxillaryalveolar ridge; and inserting a dental implant into the second bore.

Typically, rotating the implement includes ceasing to rotate the bitresponsively to detecting the pressure drop.

There is still further provided, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, the implant shaped so as to define a lumen through the implant,which lumen has at least one distal opening through a distal externalsurface of the distal implant portion; and

a swivel joint having first and second joint portions defining first andsecond joint ports, respectively, the swivel joint arranged so as todefine a fluid path from the second joint port to the first joint portvia the second and first joint portions, which are arranged to berotatable with respect to one another such that the fluid path ispreserved during rotation,

wherein the fluid path through the swivel joint is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the first joint port.

In an embodiment, the first joint portion is positioned distal to thesecond joint portion. For some applications, the implant is shaped suchthat the lumen has a lateral opening through a lateral external surfaceof the dental implant, and the apparatus further includes a deliverytube having (a) a proximal tube end that is coupled to the first jointport, and (b) a distal tube end that is removably coupled to the implantsuch that the delivery tube is in fluid communication with the lumen viathe lateral opening when the delivery tube is coupled to the implant.

In an embodiment, the first joint portion is positioned proximal to thesecond joint portion.

For some applications, the apparatus further includes an applicator,which is removably coupled to a proximal implant end of the dentalimplant, and the swivel joint defines a bore therethrough, in which atleast a portion of the applicator is positioned.

For some applications, the implant is shaped such that the lumen is opento a proximal end of the dental implant through a proximal opening ofthe implant.

For some applications, the first joint port is positioned on a surfaceof the first joint portion facing the dental implant, and a proximal endof the lumen has a lateral opening through a lateral external surface ofthe implant, which lateral opening is in fluid communication with thefirst joint port.

For some applications, the longitudinal length is less than 20 mm, andthe implant has a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant,

the implant being shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having aproximal opening and a distal opening through a distal external surfaceof the distal implant portion, and

the implant including a valve arranged in a fluid path defined by thelumen.

For some applications, the valve is configured to allow passage ofmaterial through the lumen in a direction from the proximal openingtoward the distal opening, and to prevent the passage in an oppositedirection.

For some applications, the longitudinal length is less than 20 mm, andthe implant has a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

For some applications, the implant is shaped such that the proximalopening is through a lateral external surface of the implant, and theapparatus further includes a delivery tube removably coupled to theimplant such that the delivery tube is in fluid communication with thelumen via the proximal opening when the delivery tube is coupled to theimplant. For some applications, the valve is configured to allowbidirectional flow through the lumen when the valve is in an openposition, and to block the flow when the valve is in a closed position.For some applications, the valve is configured to assume the openposition by being pushed open by the delivery tube when the deliverytube is coupled to the implant, and to assume the closed position whenthe delivery tube is not coupled to the implant. For some applications,the valve includes an opening/closing control element that is accessiblefrom outside of the implant.

There is still additionally provided, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention, a method including:

providing a dental implant having a distal implant portion that extendsfrom a distal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length ofthe implant, the implant shaped so as to define a lumen therethroughhaving a proximal opening and a distal opening through a distal externalsurface of the distal implant portion, and the implant including a valvearranged in a fluid path defined by the lumen; and

forming a bore through a portion of a maxillary alveolar ridge byinserting the implant into the ridge and rotating the implant at leastuntil the distal opening comes into fluid communication with a surfaceof a Schneiderian membrane facing the ridge.

For some applications, the valve is configured to allow passage ofmaterial through the lumen in a direction from the proximal openingtoward the distal opening, and to prevent the passage in an oppositedirection.

For some applications, the implant is shaped such that the proximalopening is through a lateral external surface of the implant, and themethod further includes:

after the distal opening comes into the fluid communication with thesurface of the membrane, injecting a regenerative material into thecavity via the lumen from a delivery tube removably coupled to theimplant such that the delivery tube is in fluid communication with thelumen via the proximal opening when the delivery tube is coupled to theimplant;

after injecting the material, decoupling the delivery tube from theimplant; and

after injecting the material, further rotating the implant to furtheradvance the distal implant end.

There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a proximal implant end, a distal implant end,and a lateral external surface; and

a removable sheath covering at least a portion of the lateral externalsurface, such that at least a portion of the distal implant end isexposed.

For some applications, the implant is shaped so as to define a lumentherethrough having at least one distal opening through a distalexternal surface of a distal implant portion that extends from thedistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal of the implant.

For some applications, the implant has a longitudinal length of lessthan 20 mm and a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing (a) a dental implant having a proximal implant end, a distalimplant end, and a lateral external surface, and (b) a removable sheathcovering at least a portion of the lateral external surface, such thatat least a portion of the distal implant end is exposed;

inserting the implant into an alveolar ridge; and

inhibiting infection, by removing the sheath from the implant inconjunction with the inserting.

There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, the implant shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough havingat least one distal opening through a distal external surface of thedistal implant portion; and

an applicator, which is removably coupled to the proximal implant end,and which includes a chamber that is in fluid communication with thelumen, and an elastic pressure-applying element that is configured toapply pressure to the chamber.

For some applications, the applicator is sized to be positioned entirelywithin an oral cavity.

For some applications, the elastic pressure-applying element includes aballoon shaped so as to define the chamber.

For some applications, the apparatus further includes a fluid with whichthe chamber is filled at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

For some applications, the lumen has a proximal opening through aproximal external surface of a proximal implant end of the implant.

For some applications, the longitudinal length is less than 20 mm, andthe implant has a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

For some applications, the apparatus further includes a plug removablycoupled to the implant so as to seal the distal opening. For someapplications, the plug is removable from the implant by frictiongenerated during screwing of the dental implant. For some applications,the plug includes a biodegradable material. For some applications, theplug includes a regenerative material.

In an embodiment, the lumen has a proximal opening through a lateralexternal surface of the implant, and the lumen is not open to a proximalexternal surface of the implant within 2 mm of a proximal-most part ofthe implant. For some applications, the apparatus further includes adelivery tube having (a) a proximal tube end that is in fluidcommunication with the chamber, and (b) a distal tube end that isremovably coupled to the implant such that the chamber is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the delivery tube via the proximalopening when the delivery tube is coupled to the implant.

In an embodiment, the elastic pressure applying element includes apiston and a spring configured to apply pressure to the chamber. Forsome applications, the chamber contains a fluid, and the applicatorincludes an indicator element that is arranged with the piston toindicate when the pressure applied to the chamber has caused ejection ofat least a portion of the fluid from the chamber out of the distalopening via the lumen.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing (a) a dental implant having a distal implant portion thatextends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of longitudinal lengthof the implant, the implant shaped so as to define a lumen therethroughhaving at least one distal opening through a distal external surface ofthe distal implant portion, (b) an applicator, which is removablycoupled to the proximal implant end, and which includes a chamber thatis in fluid communication with the lumen, and (c) a fluid containedwithin the chamber;

forming a bore through a portion of a maxillary alveolar ridge byinserting the applicator into an oral cavity of the subject, insertingthe implant into the ridge, and rotating the implant;

while forming the bore, applying pressure by the fluid to the distalimplant portion via the lumen, and monitoring the pressure of the fluid;and

detecting a drop in the pressure as the distal opening comes into fluidcommunication with a surface of a Schneiderian membrane facing theridge.

For some applications, inserting the applicator into the oral cavityincludes inserting the entire applicator, including the entire chamber,into the oral cavity.

For some applications, applying the pressure includes squeezing thechamber in conjunction with rotating the implant.

Typically, the method further includes ceasing to rotate the implantresponsively to detecting the pressure drop.

For some applications, applying the pressure includes providing aballoon shaped so as to define the chamber. For some applications,applying the pressure includes initially inflating the balloon with thefluid to greater than atmospheric pressure.

There is still additionally provided, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention, a method including:

providing a plurality of dental implants having respective lateralexternal surfaces and respective distal implant portions that extendfrom respective distal implant ends along up to 50% of respectivelongitudinal lengths of the implants, the implants shaped so as todefine respective lumens therethrough having respective distal openingsthrough respective distal external surfaces of the distal implantportions;

forming a respective plurality of bores through respective portions of amaxillary alveolar ridge by, for each of the bores, inserting one of theimplants into the ridge and rotating the implant; and

after forming the bores, lifting a Schneiderian membrane by injecting amaterial under the Schneiderian membrane through each of the implants inturn.

For some applications, forming each of the bores using a respective oneof the implants includes:

while forming the bore, providing a fluid under pressure to the distalimplant portion via the lumen, and monitoring the pressure of the fluid;

detecting a drop in the pressure as the distal opening comes into fluidcommunication with a surface of the Schneiderian membrane facing theridge; and

ceasing to rotate the implant responsively to detecting the pressuredrop.

There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, apparatus including a dental sleeve, which is configured tobe inserted into a bore formed through a portion of a maxillary alveolarridge, and which includes:

a tubular portion having proximal and distal ends, and shaped so as todefine a lumen therethrough; and

a biodegradable valve coupled to the distal end of the tubular portion,and configured to allow flow through the lumen in a direction from theproximal end to the distal end, and to prevent flow in an oppositedirection.

For some applications, the valve includes a duckbill check valve.

For some applications, the tubular portion is biodegradable.

For some applications, the tubular portion and valve are configured tobe readily separated from one another.

For some applications, the dental sleeve has a longitudinal length ofless than 20 mm and a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

forming a bore through a maxillary alveolar ridge;

lifting a Schneiderian membrane via the bore to form a cavity betweenthe ridge and the membrane;

after lifting the membrane, inserting into the bore a dental sleeveincluding (a) a tubular portion having proximal and distal ends, andshaped so as to define a lumen therethrough, and (b) a biodegradablevalve coupled to the distal end of the tubular portion, and configuredto allow flow through the lumen in a direction from the proximal end tothe distal end, and to prevent the flow in an opposite direction;

after inserting the sleeve, injecting a regenerative material throughthe lumen and valve into the cavity; and

after inserting the sleeve, leaving the valve in place to biodegrade.

In an embodiment, the method further includes mounting a dental implantin the bore by rotating the implant at least until a distal portionthereof breaks through the valve into the cavity between the ridge andthe membrane.

For some applications, the tubular portion is biodegradable, and leavingthe valve in place further includes leaving the tubular portion inplace.

For some applications, leaving the valve in place includes separatingthe tubular portion from the valve, withdrawing the tubular portion fromthe bore, and leaving the valve in place to biodegrade.

For some applications, the valve includes a duckbill check valve.

There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus for use with a subject, the apparatusincluding:

a dental drilling element having a distal end;

a light source, which is configured to emit light into a body cavity ofthe subject;

a light sensor, which is configured to sense a level of illumination atthe distal end of the drilling element; and

an output unit, which is configured to generate an output responsivelyto the level of the illumination.

For some applications, the light source is configured to be placed atleast partially within the body cavity. Alternatively, the light sourceis configured to be placed outside of the body cavity.

For some applications, the light source is configured to emit the lightfrom the distal end of the drilling element.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus for use with a subject, the apparatusincluding:

a dental drilling element having a distal end;

a light source, which is configured to emit light from the distal end ofthe drilling element;

a light sensor, which is configured to sense a level of illuminationwithin a body cavity of the subject; and

an output unit, which is configured to generate an output responsivelyto the level of the illumination.

For some applications, the light sensor is configured to be placed atleast partially within the body cavity. Alternatively, the light sensoris configured to be placed outside of the body cavity.

There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention, a method including:

forming a bore in a maxillary alveolar ridge of a subject by inserting adental drilling element into the ridge and rotating the drillingelement;

emitting light into a body cavity of the subject;

sensing a level of illumination at a distal end of the drilling element;and

generating an output responsively to the level of the illumination.

For some applications, the method further includes ceasing to rotate thedrilling element responsively to ascertaining that the level ofillumination passes a threshold level.

For some applications, emitting the light includes placing a lightsource at least partially within the body cavity, and emitting the lightfrom the light source. Alternatively, emitting the light includesemitting the light at a location outside of the body cavity in avicinity thereof.

For some applications, emitting the light includes emitting the lightfrom the distal end of the drilling element.

There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, a method including:

forming a bore in a maxillary alveolar ridge of a subject by inserting adental drilling element into the ridge and rotating the drillingelement;

emitting light from a distal end of the drilling element;

sensing a level of illumination within a body cavity of the subject; and

generating an output responsively to the level of the illumination.

For some applications, the method further includes ceasing to rotate thedrilling element responsively to ascertaining that the level ofillumination passes a threshold level.

For some applications, sensing includes sensing the level ofillumination by placing a light sensor at least partially within thebody cavity and sensing using the light sensor. Alternatively, sensingincludes sensing the level of illumination within the body cavity fromoutside the body cavity in a vicinity thereof.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a regenerative composition including:

a physiological solution; and

solid bone graft particles mixed with the physiological solution at avolume concentration of less than 50%.

For some applications, the volume concentration of the particles is lessthan 25%.

For some applications, the particles include freeze-dried bone allograft(FDBA).

For some applications, the physiological solution is selected from thegroup consisting of: saline solution, blood, and diluted blood.

There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention a method including:

forming at least one bore through a bone from a first side of the boneto a second side of the bone;

raising a membrane on the second side of the bone to form a cavitybetween the second side of the bone and the membrane; and

injecting into the cavity via the bore a composition including salinesolution and solid bone graft particles mixed with the saline solutionat a volume concentration of less than 50%.

For some applications, forming the bore includes forming the borethrough a maxillary alveolar ridge, and raising the membrane includesraising a Schneiderian membrane.

For some applications, forming the at least one bore includes formingfirst and second bores through the bone, and injecting includesinjecting the composition into the cavity via the first bore, such thatat least a portion of the saline solution drains from the cavity via thesecond bore, leaving at least a portion of the solid bone graftparticles in the cavity.

For some applications, the volume concentration of the particles is lessthan 25%.

For some applications, the particles include freeze-dried bone allograft(FDBA).

For some applications, the physiological solution is selected from thegroup consisting of: saline solution, blood, and diluted blood.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus including:

a dental implant having a proximal implant end and a lateral externalsurface, the implant being shaped so as to define a lumen therethroughhaving a lateral opening through the lateral external surface; and

an applicator, which is removably coupled to the proximal implant end,and which includes a delivery tube having a distal tube end that isremovably coupled to the implant such that the delivery tube is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the lateral opening.

In an embodiment, the distal tube end is welded to the implant, and aportion of a wall of the delivery tube is thinner than the wallimmediately adjacent to the portion, such that application of a breakingtorque to the delivery tube breaks the delivery tube at the thinnerportion, thereby decoupling the delivery tube from the implant, and thethinner portion is within 3 mm of the distal tube end. For someapplications, the delivery tube is shaped so as to be circumscribed witha groove that defines the thinner portion.

For some applications, the thinner portion has a width of less than 0.1mm. Typically, the portion of the delivery tube is sufficiently thinsuch that the application of the breaking torque of less than 50 Newtoncentimeters breaks the delivery tube at the thinner portion.

Typically, at least a portion of the lateral external surface thatincludes the lateral opening is shaped so as to define a screw threadincluding a raised helical rib going around the implant, and the thinnerportion is recessed into the lateral external surface below the raisedhelical rib.

In an embodiment, the applicator is configured to break the deliverytube at the thinner portion by rotating the distal tube end with respectto the lateral opening. Typically, the applicator is configured to applya torque of greater than 50 Newton centimeters to the delivery tube,when rotating the distal tube end with respect to the lateral opening.

For some applications, the applicator includes a lever arm, which iscoupled to the delivery tube and arranged to rotate the distal tube endwith respect to the lateral opening. For some applications, the deliverytube is shaped so as to define a bend at between 5 and 20 mm from thedistal tube end, the bend having an angle of between 85 and 180 degrees,and the lever arm is coupled to the delivery tube at a location proximalto the bend. For some applications, the applicator includes a rotatablesurface accessible from a proximal end of the applicator, whichrotatable surface is rotatable with respect to a portion of theapplicator, rotation of which rotatable surface rotates the distal tubeend by extending the lever arm.

In an embodiment, the applicator includes: a connecting screw, whichremovably couples the applicator to the proximal implant end; and arotatable surface accessible from a proximal end of the applicator,which rotatable surface is rotatable with respect to a portion of theapplicator, and the applicator is configured such that rotation of therotatable surface both (a) applies the breaking torque to the deliverytube that breaks the delivery tube at the thinner portion, and (b)rotates the screw to decouple the applicator from the proximal implantend.

In an embodiment, when the delivery tube is coupled to the implant, aportion of the delivery tube runs alongside the implant such that agreatest distance between a longitudinal axis of the implant and asurface of the portion of the delivery tube furthest from thelongitudinal axis is less than 6 mm, such as less than 5 mm.

In an embodiment, the applicator includes an applicator body, whichincludes a rotatable surface accessible from a proximal end of theapplicator, rotation of which rotatable surface with respect to aportion of the applicator body causes the delivery tube to becomedecoupled from the implant, and the applicator is shaped so as to definea stabilization surface accessible from the proximal end of theapplicator, application to which stabilization surface of a stabilizingforce stabilizes the implant during rotation of the rotatable surface.For some applications, the rotatable surface and the stabilizationsurface are configured to facilitate on-axis rotation of the rotatablesurface, thereby minimizing any off-axis force that the rotation maycause the apparatus to apply to its surroundings.

For some applications, the apparatus further includes a stabilizationtool, which is configured to be removably coupled to the stabilizationsurface of the applicator body, and to apply the stabilizing force tothe stabilization surface. For some applications, the stabilization tooldefines an opening, and the apparatus further includes a driver tool,which is configured to be removably coupled to the rotatable surfacethrough the opening of the stabilization tool, and to rotate therotatable surface. For some applications, the driver tool is permanentlycoupled to the stabilization tool.

Typically, the delivery tube includes a rigid material.

For some applications, the delivery tube has a proximal tube end, andthe apparatus further includes a flexible supply tube coupled to theproximal tube end.

For some applications, the delivery tube is shaped so as to define abend within 10 mm of the distal tube end, the bend having an angle ofbetween 85 and 95 degrees.

In an embodiment, the applicator further includes a retaining element,which is configured to assume a first position in which the retainingelement prevents the distal tube end from separating from the implant,and a second position in which the retaining element does not preventthe distal tube end from separating from the implant. For someapplications, the distal tube end is shaped so as to define a cone. Forsome applications, the cone has an opening angle of between 0 and 60degrees. Alternatively or additionally, the cone is shaped so as todefine a Morse taper.

For some applications, the delivery tube is configured to pivot withrespect to the applicator.

For some applications, the applicator further includes a spring, whichis configured to apply a force that separates the distal tube end fromthe implant when the retaining element assumes the second position. Forsome applications, the applicator includes a sealing element, which isconfigured to removably sealingly couple the delivery tube to theimplant.

For some applications, the applicator includes a sealing element, whichis configured to removably sealingly couple the delivery tube to theimplant.

For some applications, the lateral opening is at least 3 mm from theproximal implant end.

For some applications, the implant has a distal implant portion thatextends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinallength of the implant, and the lumen is shaped so as to define at leastone distal opening through a distal external surface of the distalimplant portion. For some applications, the at least one distal openingis located on the distal external surface at one or more locationsselected from the group consisting of: a center of the distal implantend, a location on the distal implant end other than the center, and alocation on the distal implant portion other than on the distal implantend. For some applications, the implant has a proximal-most part, andthe lumen is not open to a proximal external surface of the implantwithin 2 mm of the proximal-most part of the implant. For someapplications, the dental implant is permanently closed within 3 mm ofthe proximal-most part of the implant.

Typically, at least a portion of the lateral external surface is shapedso as to define a cutting surface. For some applications, the lateralopening is within the portion of the lateral external surface thatdefines the cutting surface.

There is yet additionally provided, a method including:

providing (a) a dental implant having a proximal implant end and alateral external surface, the implant being shaped so as to define alumen therethrough having a lateral opening through the lateral externalsurface, and (b) an applicator, which is removably coupled to theproximal implant end, and which includes a delivery tube having a distaltube end that is removably coupled to the implant such that the deliverytube is in fluid communication with the lumen via the lateral opening;

forming a bore in an alveolar ridge;

inserting the implant into the bore;

injecting a fluid through the lumen; and

decoupling the delivery tube from the implant.

In an embodiment, the distal tube end is initially welded to theimplant, a portion of a wall of the delivery tube is thinner than thewall immediately adjacent to the portion, the thinner portion is within3 mm of the distal tube end, and decoupling the delivery tube from theimplant includes breaking the delivery tube at the thinner portion byapplying a breaking torque to the delivery tube. Typically, applying thebreaking torque includes applying a breaking torque of less than 50Newton centimeters.

For some applications, breaking the delivery tube at the thinner portionincludes using the applicator to break the delivery tube at the thinnerportion by rotating the distal tube end with respect to the lateralopening.

In an embodiment, the applicator includes an applicator body, whichincludes a rotatable surface accessible from a proximal end of theapplicator; decoupling the delivery tube from the implant includesrotating the rotatable surface with respect to a portion of theapplicator body; the applicator is shaped so as to define astabilization surface accessible from the proximal end of theapplicator; and rotating the rotatable surface includes stabilizing theimplant by applying a stabilizing force to the stabilization surface.For some applications, stabilizing the implant includes removablycoupling a stabilization tool to the stabilization surface of theapplicator body, and applying the stabilizing force to the stabilizationsurface using the stabilization tool.

In an embodiment, the applicator further includes a retaining element,which is configured to assume a first position in which the retainingelement prevents the distal tube end from separating from the implant,and a second position in which the retaining element does not preventthe distal tube end from separating from the implant, and decoupling thedelivery tube from the implant includes positioning the retainingelement in the second position. For some applications, the distal tubeend is shaped so as to define a cone.

For some applications, the implant has a distal implant portion thatextends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinallength of the implant, and the lumen is shaped so as to define at leastone distal opening through a distal external surface of the distalimplant portion.

For some applications, the implant has a proximal-most part, and thelumen is not open to a proximal external surface of the implant within 2mm of the proximal-most part of the implant.

There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, apparatus including:

a dental implement, having a distal portion that extends from a distalend along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implement, theimplement being shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having atleast one distal opening through a center of the distal end, and theimplement having a greatest diameter no more than 8 mm and a length ofat least 3 mm,

wherein at least a portion of a lateral external surface of theimplement is shaped so as to define a cutting surface,

wherein at least a portion of the distal portion is shaped so as todefine at least one surface selected from the group consisting of: atleast one end mill cutter surface, at least one self-tapping surface,and both the at least one end mill cutter surface and the at least oneself-tapping surface, and

wherein the selected at least one surface does not extend into a centralarea of the implement that defines the lumen.

In an embodiment, the distal portion is shaped so as to define both theat least one end mill cutter surface and the at least one self-tappingsurface. Alternatively, the distal portion is shaped so as to define theat least one self-tapping surface. Further alternatively, the distalportion is shaped so as to define the at least one end mill cuttersurface.

For some applications, the distal portion is shaped so as to define aplurality of end mill cutting surfaces that are distributed about acentral axis of the implement, such that lines respectively defined bythe cutting surfaces are tangential to a circle having a center which isintersected by the central axis of the implement.

For some applications, the selected at least one surface does not extendinto a cylindrical area of the implement, a central axis of which areacoincides with a central axis of the implement, which area extends alongthe entire length of the implement, and which cylindrical area has adiameter of at least 0.3 mm.

For some applications, the selected at least one surface is tripartite.

In an embodiment, the dental implement includes a dental implant.

In an embodiment, the dental implement includes a dental osteotome.

In an embodiment, the dental implement includes a dental drillingelement.

In an embodiment, the dental implement further includes a swivel jointhaving first and second joint portions defining first and second jointports, respectively, the swivel joint arranged so as to define a fluidpath from the lumen to the second joint port via the first joint port,the first joint portion, and the second joint portion, which jointportions are arranged to be rotatable with respect to one another suchthat the fluid path is preserved during rotation.

For some applications, the implement has a proximal-most part, a lateralsurface, and a proximal external surface, and the implement is shapedsuch that the lumen has a lateral opening through the lateral externalsurface, and the lumen is not open to the proximal external surface ofthe implement within 2 mm of the proximal-most part of the implement.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, apparatus including:

a dental implement having a distal portion that extends from a distalend of the implement, the implement shaped so as to define a lumenthrough the implement, which lumen has at least one distal openingthrough a distal external surface of the distal portion, and at least aportion of a lateral external surface of the implement is shaped so asto define a cutting surface; and

a swivel joint having first and second joint portions defining first andsecond joint ports, respectively, the swivel joint arranged so as todefine a fluid path from (a) the lumen, to (b) the first joint port, to(c) the first joint portion, to (d) the second joint portion, to (e) thesecond joint port, and the first and second joint portions are arrangedto be rotatable with respect to one another such that the fluid path ispreserved during rotation.

In an embodiment, the dental implement includes a dental osteotome.

In an embodiment, the dental implement includes a dental drillingelement.

For some applications, the first joint portion is positioned distal tothe second joint portion. Alternatively, the first joint portion ispositioned proximal to the second joint portion.

For some applications, the first joint port is positioned on a surfaceof the first joint portion facing the dental implement, and a proximalend of the lumen has a lateral opening through the lateral externalsurface of the implement, which lateral opening is in fluidcommunication with the first joint port.

For some applications, a proximal end of the lumen has a lateral openingthrough the lateral external surface of the implement, and the swiveljoint further includes a delivery tube that couples the lateral openingto the first joint port in fluid communication.

There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

forming a first bore through an alveolar ridge at a first bore location;

lifting a Schneiderian membrane to form a cavity between the ridge andthe membrane by injecting a liquid under the Schneiderian membrane viathe first bore;

forming a second bore through the ridge at a second bore location atleast 1 mm from the first bore location; and

introducing a regenerative material into the cavity via the second bore.

For some applications, forming the first bore includes inserting adental implement into the ridge and rotating the implement to form thefirst bore, and injecting the liquid includes injecting the liquid via alumen of the implement.

For some applications, inserting the dental implement includes insertinga dental implant.

For some applications, inserting the dental implement includes insertinga dental osteotome.

For some applications, inserting the dental implement includes insertinga dental drilling element.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing a dental implant having a proximal implant end, and a distalimplant portion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50%of a longitudinal length of the implant, the implant shaped so as todefine a lumen therethrough (a) having at least one distal openingthrough a distal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b)open to the proximal a proximal implant end through a proximal opening;

forming a bore through a ridge;

inserting the implant into the bore; and

after inserting the implant into the bore, sealing the proximal openingof the implant.

For some applications, forming the bore includes forming at least aportion of the bore by inserting the implant into the ridge and rotatingthe implant.

In an embodiment, sealing the proximal opening includes placing afilling material in the proximal opening.

In an embodiment, sealing the proximal opening includes sealinglycoupling a mechanical plug to the proximal opening. For someapplications, the mechanical plug is shaped so as to define a male Morsetaper, the proximal opening is shaped so as to form a correspondingfemale Morse taper, and sealing includes inserting the male Morse taperof the plug into the female Morse taper of the opening.

In an embodiment, sealing the proximal opening includes sealinglycoupling a screw covering to the proximal opening using a gasket.

In an embodiment, sealing the proximal opening includes welding acovering to the opening.

In an embodiment, sealing the proximal opening includes crimping acovering to the opening.

There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention, apparatus including a dental kit, which includes:

a dental implant having a proximal implant end, and a distal implantportion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of alongitudinal length of the implant, the implant shaped so as to define alumen therethrough (a) having at least one distal opening through adistal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b) open tothe proximal a proximal implant end through a proximal opening; and

a sufficient quantity of filling material to seal the proximal openingof the implant.

For some applications, the filling material includes a material selectedfrom the group consisting of: rubber and glue.

There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, apparatus including a dental kit, which includes:

a dental implant having a proximal implant end, and a distal implantportion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of alongitudinal length of the implant, the implant shaped so as to define alumen therethrough (a) having at least one distal opening through adistal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b) open tothe proximal a proximal implant end through a proximal opening; and

a mechanical plug,

wherein the proximal opening and the plug are configured such that plugthe can be sealingly coupled to the proximal opening.

For some applications, the mechanical plug is shaped so as to define amale Morse taper, and the proximal opening is shaped so as to form acorresponding female Morse taper.

There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a method including:

providing a dental implement having a distal portion that extends from adistal end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implement,the implement shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having atleast one distal opening through a distal external surface of the distalportion;

forming a bore in bone of an alveolar ridge;

inserting the implement into the bore at least until the distal openingcomes into fluid communication with periosteal tissue covering a lateralsurface of the bone; and

delaminating the periosteal tissue from the bone by injecting a fluidthrough the lumen to form a cavity between the bone and the periostealtissue.

In an embodiment, providing the dental implement includes providing adental implant.

In an embodiment, providing the dental implement includes providing adental osteotome.

In an embodiment, providing the dental implement includes providing adental drilling element.

For some applications, forming the bore includes forming at least aportion of the bore by inserting the implement into the ridge androtating the implement.

For some applications, forming the bore includes forming a preparatoryportion of the bore using a dental drill, and subsequently forming theat least a portion of the bore by inserting the implement into the ridgeand rotating the implement.

For some applications, the method further includes, after delaminatingthe periosteal tissue, injecting a regenerative material into the cavityvia the lumen. For some applications, providing the dental implementincludes providing a dental implant, and the method further includes,after injecting the regenerative material, advancing the dental implantinto the cavity. For some applications, injecting the fluid includesmeasuring a volume of the injected fluid, and injecting the regenerativematerial includes determining an amount of the regenerative material toinject into the cavity responsively to the measured volume of the fluid.

In an embodiment, the alveolar ridge is a maxillary alveolar ridge, andforming the bore includes forming the bore in the bone of the maxillaryalveolar ridge. Alternatively, the alveolar ridge is a mandibularalveolar ridge, and forming the bore includes forming the bore in thebone of the mandibular alveolar ridge.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the followingdetailed description of embodiments thereof, taken together with thedrawings, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a dental implant system, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 2A-C are schematic illustrations of alternative configurations ofa dental implant of the dental implant system of FIG. 1, in accordancewith respective embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2D is a schematic illustration of yet another configuration of thedental implant of FIG. 1, and FIG. 2E is a cross-sectional view takenalong line IIC-IIC of FIG. 2D, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2F is a schematic illustration of a removable coupling elementcoupled to the dental implant of FIG. 1, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6 are schematic illustrations of the implant ofFIG. 1 and an applicator in which the distal end of a delivery tube isinitially welded to the implant, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 7, 8, 9A-E, and 10 are schematic illustrations of the implant ofFIG. 1 and an applicator comprising a retaining element, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 11A-I are schematic illustrations of several steps of aminimally-invasive closed sinus lift surgical procedure for implantingthe dental implant of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic illustrations of tools and techniques,respectively, for decoupling a delivery tube from the implant of FIGS.3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 12C and 12D-E are schematic illustrations of a tool andtechniques, respectively, for decoupling the applicator from the implantof FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 13A and 13B are schematic illustrations of respectiveconfigurations of the dental implant of FIG. 1 in which the implantcomprises a valve, in accordance with respective embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a dental drill, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 15A-C are schematic illustrations of configurations of anotherdental implant system, in accordance with respective embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a removable sheath applied to adental implant, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 17A and 17B are schematic illustrations of a biodegradable dentalsleeve in closed and open positions, respectively, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a schematic illustration a controlled bone penetrationsystem, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 19A-B are schematic lateral and head-on illustrations,respectively, of a configuration of a distal surface of the dentalimplant of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of another dental drill, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 21A-E are schematic illustrations of another dental implant, inaccordance with respective embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 22A-F are schematic illustrations of several steps of aminimally-invasive closed lateral ridge augmentation surgical procedurefor implanting a dental implant, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 23A-F are schematic illustrations of several steps of anotherminimally-invasive closed lateral ridge augmentation surgical procedurefor implanting a dental implant, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 24A-C and 25 are schematic illustrations of a liquid osteotome, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIGS. 26 and 27A-B are schematic illustrations of another liquidosteotome, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a dental implant system 20, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System 20comprises a dental implant 30, which is typically shaped so as to definea lumen 40 therethrough that is open through a distal opening 41 to adistal portion 48 of the implant that extends from a distal implant end38 of the implant along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, such as up to 30% of the length, up to 15% of the length, or upto 5% of the length. For some applications, distal portion 48 has alongitudinal length of up to 6 mm, such as up to 4 mm, or up to 2 mm. Asused herein, including in the claims, the “distal” end of the implant isthe end that is inserted first into a bone, such as an alveolar ridge,and is sometimes referred to in the art as the apical end, and the“proximal” end of the implant is the end of the implant opposite thedistal end, e.g., that faces the oral cavity, and is sometimes referredto in the art as the coronal end. Similarly, “distal” means situatedtoward the distal end of the implant, and “proximal” means situatedtoward the proximal end of the implant.

Distal opening 41 may be located at distal implant end 38, such ascentered on the distal implant end, e.g., at a distal tip of distalimplant end 38, or not centered on the distal implant end (and thuslocated at a location other than the distal tip), such as describedhereinbelow with reference to FIG. 2A. Alternatively, distal opening(s)41 may be located at one or more locations along distal implant portion48, including at locations on lateral surface 42. For some applications,the lumen is open to the distal end via a plurality of openings 41,which for some applications results in a more even distribution ofregenerative material in the cavity between the ridge and theSchneiderian membrane, as described hereinbelow, and/or permits passageof the regenerative material even if some of the openings should becomeblocked with bone particles. Dental implant 30 is typically generallycylindrical, tapered, or conic in shape, other than the lumen, andtypically comprises a metal such as titanium, or a ceramic, such as azirconia (zirconium dioxide) ceramic. The implant may have a greatestdiameter of between about 2 and about 7 mm, and may be provided in avariety of longitudinal lengths, e.g., between about 7 and about 18 mm,e.g., between about 12 and about 16 mm, such as about 15 mm. For someapplications, the implant has a longitudinal length of less than 20 mmand a greatest diameter of less than 10 mm.

In an embodiment of the present invention, dental implant 30 comprises aself-tapping osseointegrated dental implant. In this embodiment, atleast a portion of a lateral external surface 42 of implant 30 istypically shaped so as to define a cutting surface, e.g., a screw thread36, or other connecting element. For example, the portion may be in avicinity of a distal end 38 of the implant, or may include all or nearlyall of the lateral surface.

In an embodiment of the present invention, system 20 comprises anapplicator 32 that is removably coupled to a proximal end 34 of implant30. For some applications, applicator 32 is shaped so as to define adistal male coupling element, e.g., a hexagonal head, that is insertedinto a correspondingly shaped proximal female coupling element, e.g., ahexagonal socket, defined by dental implant 30. Friction between thehead and socket removably couples the implant to the applicator.Alternatively, another coupling element removably couples the implant tothe applicator. A proximal end of applicator 32 is typically shaped soas to define a coupling element 43, such as a male coupling element (asshown in FIG. 1), e.g., a hexagonal head, or a female coupling element(configuration not shown), e.g., a hexagonal socket. Typically, implant30 comprises a two-stage implant. The surgeon couples an abutment to theproximal end of the implant after osseointegration of the implant, as isknown in the art, such as described hereinbelow with reference to FIG.11F. Alternatively, implant 30 comprises a single-stage transgingivalimplant, which is shaped so as to define an integrated abutment, as isknown in the art.

In an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, aproximal end of lumen 40 has a lateral opening 44 through lateralexternal surface 42 of the implant, and the lumen is not open to aproximal external surface of the implant within 2 mm of a proximal-mostpart of implant 30. For some applications, the lumen is not open to theproximal external surface within 3 mm of the proximal-most part of theimplant. Implant 30 is typically permanently closed within 3 mm of theproximal-most part of the implant, in this embodiment. Alternatively,the proximal end of lumen 40 is open to proximal implant end 34, such asdescribed hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 15A, 15C, 16, 21A-E, or23A-F. Typically, the lateral opening is at least 1.5 mm from distalimplant end 38, such as at least 2 mm (e.g., 8 mm from the distalimplant end). Typically, the lateral opening is at least 2 mm from theproximal implant end, such as at least 3 mm or at least 4 mm.

System 20 further comprises a delivery tube 50, a distal end of which iscoupled to lumen 40 via lateral opening 44. For example, the deliverytube may be coupled to the lumen using a miniature luer connector, byfriction, using a removable coupling element (such as describedhereinbelow with reference to FIG. 2F), or as described hereinbelow withreference to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6, or FIGS. 7, 8, 9A-E, and 10.Alternatively, the tube may screw into the lumen, so as to berotationally secured to the implant throughout the implantationprocedure. Further alternatively or additionally, the distal end ofdelivery tube 50 comprises a sealing element, which is configured toremovably sealingly couple delivery tube 50 to implant 30. For example,the sealing element may comprise an o-ring or a gasket. Typically, aproximal end of delivery tube 50 is coupled to applicator 32 during atleast a portion of an implantation procedure. Delivery tube 50 is influid communication with a supply tube 52, which in turn is in fluidcommunication with a source of fluid 54. Alternatively, delivery tube 50is coupled directly to fluid source 54, and supply tube 52 is notprovided. Fluid source 54 may comprise a syringe or powered drugdelivery device.

In an embodiment of the present invention, implant system 20 comprises aswivel joint 64 having proximal and distal joint portions 60 and 62,which define proximal and distal joint ports, respectively. Joint 64 isarranged so as to define a fluid path from the proximal joint port tothe distal joint port via proximal and distal joint portions 60 and 62.Proximal and distal joint portions 60 and 62 are arranged to berotatable with respect to one another such that the fluid path ispreserved during rotation. The proximal end of delivery tube 50 iscoupled to the distal joint port, and supply tube 52 is coupled to theproximal joint port, such that delivery tube 50 and supply tube 52 arein fluid communication with one another via swivel joint 64.Alternatively, joint 64 is arranged so as to define the fluid path fromthe distal joint port to the proximal joint port via the distal andproximal joint portions, such as described hereinbelow regarding theswivel joint described with reference to FIG. 27B.

For some applications, as shown in FIG. 1, swivel joint 64 defines abore therethrough, in which at least a portion of applicator 32 ispositioned. The proximal and distal portions of the joint areindependently rotatable around the portion of the applicator in thebore. Rotation of coupling element 43 at the proximal end of theapplicator causes corresponding rotation of the distal end of theapplicator and implant 30. Such rotation of the implant causescorresponding rotation of lateral opening 44 and delivery tube 50, whichrotates distal joint portion 62 of swivel joint 64. However, supply tube52 tends to prevent rotation of proximal joint portion 60 of the swiveljoint, causing the proximal and distal joint portions to rotate withrespect to one another. Alternatively, the applicator may be rotated bygrasping it near or at its distal end. Optionally, distal joint portion62 of swivel joint 64 is fixed to the body of applicator 32.

For some applications, lumen 40 is open to proximal implant end 34rather than lateral surface 42. For these applications, the distal jointport may open to the bore of the swivel joint, and be in fluidcommunication with lumen 40 via a central lumen of the applicator(configuration not shown).

For some applications in which distal joint portion 62 of swivel joint64 is fixed to the body of applicator 32, the implant is rotated byrotating the distal joint portion. For example, an external surface ofthe distal joint portion may be shaped so as to define a hexagon that islarger than proximal joint portion 60, and the distal joint portion maybe rotated using a hexagonal ratchet wrench.

In an embodiment of the present invention, system 20 does not compriseapplicator 32. System 20 comprises swivel joint 64, which, for someapplications, is coupled to implant 30 only by delivery tube 50. Torotate the implant, a head of a wrench or other tool (e.g., a straighthexagonal screwdriver having a length of about 3 to 4 cm, optionallywith a knurled handle) is temporarily inserted through the bore of theswivel joint, and coupled to the coupling element of the implant, whichmay be a hexagonal socket, for example. Alternatively, the swivel jointis removably coupled to the implant, and removed when delivery tube 50is decoupled from the implant, as described hereinbelow with referenceto FIG. 11E. For some applications in which the swivel joint isremovably coupled to the implant, distal joint portion 62 is shaped soas to define a coupling element, such as a hexagonal coupling element,and the implant is rotated by rotating the coupling element using awrench or hexagonal screwdriver.

Reference is made to FIGS. 2A-C, which are schematic illustrations ofalternative configurations of dental implant 30, in accordance withrespective embodiments of the present invention. In the configurationshown in FIG. 2A, distal opening 41 of lumen 40 is located on distalimplant end 38 at a location other than a distal tip 70 of the implant.For some applications, the location is within 3 mm of distal tip of 70,as measured along the surface of the distal tip. As mentioned above withreference to FIG. 1, for some applications, lumen 40 is open to thedistal end via a plurality of distal openings 41, as shown in FIG. 2A.One or more of the openings may be at a location other than distal tip70, including at one or more locations at distal implant end 38 and/orelsewhere on distal implant portion 48. Alternatively, lumen 40 is opento distal implant end 38 or distal implant portion 48 via exactly oneopening (configuration not shown in FIG. 2A).

In the configuration shown in FIG. 2B, distal implant end 38 is concave,such that the raised edge of the concavity defines a sharp cuttingsurface 46. In the configuration shown in FIG. 2C, distal implant end 38is generally flat, and the distal end is shaped so as to define sharpcutting surface 46, typically near the edge of the distal end.

Reference is made to FIG. 2D, which is a schematic illustration of yetanother configuration of dental implant 30, and FIG. 2E, which is across-sectional view taken along line IIC-IIC of FIG. 2D, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, lateralsurface 42 of dental implant 30 is indented so as to define a channel 80along the lateral surface between a first location 82 on the lateralsurface in a vicinity of distal implant end 38, and a second location 84on the lateral surface between distal implant end 38 and proximalimplant end 34, not inclusive (i.e., the channel typically does notextend all of the way to the proximal implant end). A distal portion 88of delivery tube 50 is positioned within the channel, such that thedistal end of the delivery tube is open to distal end 38 of the implant.Alternatively, the distal end of the delivery tube is open to a locationalong the channel, such as a location on distal implant portion 48. Forexample, the distal end of the delivery tube may reach a point A in avicinity of second location 84, such that only a small portion of thedelivery tube is positioned within the channel. Typically, at least aportion of lateral surface 42 is shaped so as to define screw thread 36,at least a portion of which may or may not act as a cutting surface, andwhich comprises a raised helical rib going around implant 30. Channel 80crosses the rib at a plurality of sites on the lateral surface.Typically, the second location is at least 2 mm from proximal implantend 34, such as at least 3 mm or at least 4 mm.

A number of embodiments of the present invention include positioning oflateral opening 44 (e.g., in ridge 100 and/or in regenerative material130). The techniques of the embodiment described with reference to FIG.2D may be performed in combination with the techniques of theseembodiments by substituting second location 84 for lateral opening 44.

Reference is made to FIG. 2F, which is a schematic illustration of aremovable coupling element 90 coupled to implant 30, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. Removable coupling element 90removably secures delivery tube 50 to lateral opening 44. When thesurgeon decouples delivery tube 50 from implant 30, as describedhereinbelow with reference to FIG. 11E, the surgeon also decouplescoupling element 90 from the implant. The coupling element is typicallyremovably coupled to an external surface of the implant. For someapplications, coupling element 90 is configured to be placed around atleast a portion of the circumference of the implant, such as the entirecircumference.

In an embodiment, coupling element 90 comprises an elastic band that isplaced around the entire circumference of the implant, as shown in FIG.2F. The distal end of delivery tube 50 may pass through an opening inthe band, such that the band holds the tube in place coupled to lateralopening 44. For other applications, coupling element 90 comprises a morerigid material.

Reference is made to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6, which are schematicillustrations of dental implant 30 and applicator 32 in which the distalend of delivery tube 50 is initially welded to implant 30, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 3A-D are views fromrespective directions of the implant and applicator in which deliverytube 50 is coupled to the implant, such that the delivery tube is influid communication with lumen 40 of implant 30 via lateral opening 44of implant 30. FIGS. 4A-B are cross-sectional views taken along linesIVA-IVA and IVB-IVB of FIG. 3A, respectively. FIG. 5 shows the implantand applicator after the delivery tube has been broken, as describedhereinbelow, and FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 5.

The welding of delivery tube 50 to implant 30 provides a strong sealthat is able to withstand the pressure of the fluid provided by fluidsource 54 (as described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 11B and 11C)and the injection of a regenerative material (as described hereinbelowwith reference to FIG. 11D). The delivery tube may be welded to implant30 by laser welding overlapping spots around the circumference of thedelivery tube.

As best seen in the blow-up in FIG. 4A, a portion 72 of the wall ofdelivery tube 50 is thinner than the wall immediately adjacent to theportion, such that application of a breaking torque to the delivery tubebreaks the delivery tube at the thinner portion, thereby decoupling thedelivery tube from the implant. Typically, the thinner portion is within3 mm of the distal end of the delivery tube, such as within 2 mm orwithin 1 mm of the distal end. The thinner portion is typically recessedinto lateral external surface 42 of the implant. For some applications,at least a portion of the lateral surface that includes lateral opening44 is shaped so as to define screw thread 36, as described hereinabovewith reference to FIG. 1. For these applications, the thinner portion isrecessed into the lateral external surface below the raised helical ribof screw thread 36. As a result, the small distal broken portion of thedelivery tube that remains coupled to the implant after the deliverytube is broken does not interfere with the functioning of screw thread36.

Typically, thinner portion 72 of delivery tube 50 is sufficiently thinsuch that the application of a breaking torque of less than 50 Newtoncentimeters (Ncm) breaks the delivery tube at the thinner portion. Forsome applications, the thinner portion has a width of less than 0.1 mm,such as less than 0.05 mm.

In this embodiment, delivery tube 50 typically comprises a rigidmaterial, such as metal. For some applications, the delivery tube isshaped so as to be circumscribed with a groove 74 that defines thinnerportion 72. For example, the tube may be manufactured by scoring theimplant to form the groove that serves as the thinner portion.Typically, the groove is V-shaped, such that application of the breakingtorque causes a concentration of force to be applied at the tip of theV, thereby breaking the delivery tube at the groove.

For some applications, the delivery tube is shaped so as to define abend 86 at between about 5 and about 20 mm from the distal tube end,such as within about 10 mm of the distal tube end. For example, the bendmay have an angle of between about 85 and about 95 degrees.

In an embodiment of the present invention, applicator 32 is configuredto break delivery tube 50 at thinner portion 72 by rotating the distalend of the delivery tube with respect to lateral opening 44 of theimplant. Typically, applicator 32 is configured to apply a torque ofgreater than 50 Newton centimeters to the delivery tube, when rotatingthe distal tube end with respect to the lateral opening. The applicatortypically applies the torque to the delivery tube without applying anymeaningful torque to the implant itself, and thus does not dislodge ormisalign the implant, which has been precisely placed in a bore in theridge, as described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 11B. For someapplications, a portion 76 of delivery tube 50 is initially positionedgenerally parallel to a central longitudinal axis 96 of implant 30before thinner portion 72 is broken, as shown in FIG. 3A-D and 4A-B.Applicator 32 rotates the distal end of the delivery tube by rotatingportion 76 between about 5 and about 20 degrees, e.g., about 10 degrees,until thinner portion 72 breaks, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

Typically, when delivery tube 50 is coupled to the implant prior tobreaking of thinner portion 72, portion 76 of the delivery tube runsalongside the implant such that, as shown in FIG. 4A, a greatestdistance D between longitudinal axis 96 of the implant and a surface ofportion 76 of the delivery tube furthest from the longitudinal axis isless than 6 mm, such as less than 5 mm. Such a small distance allows theimplant and delivery tube to be readily placed between adjacent teethduring an implantation procedure, such as described hereinbelow withreference to FIGS. 11B-D.

For some applications, applicator 32 comprises a lever arm 78, which iscoupled to delivery tube 50 and arrange to rotate the distal tube endwith respect to lateral opening 44. For some applications, the deliverytube is shaped so as to define bend 86 at between about 5 and about 20mm from the distal tube end, and lever arm 78 is coupled to the deliverytube at a location proximal to the bend. For these applications, thebend typically has an angle of between 85 and 180 degrees. For someapplications, applicator 32 comprises a rotatable surface 92 accessiblefrom a proximal end of the applicator, which rotatable surface isrotatable with respect to a portion of the applicator. Rotation ofrotatable surface 92 rotates the distal tube end by extending lever arm78. For example, rotation of the rotatable surface may distally advancea transfer element 94 that extends the lever arm. For example, rotatablesurface 92 may define an internal hex, e.g., having an internal width ofabout 2.4 mm (the hex width is the distance between parallel sides ofthe hexagon).

In an embodiment of the present invention, applicator 32 comprises aconnecting element, which removably couples the applicator to theproximal implant end. For some applications, the connecting elementcomprises a connecting screw 98. Typically, the head of screw 98 isaccessible from a channel than passes through rotatable surface 92, suchthat the head can be rotated with a screwdriver tool inserted throughthe proximal end of the applicator, in order to decouple the applicatorfrom the implant. For example, the connecting screw may define aninternal hex that has an internal width less than that of rotatablesurface 92, e.g., about 1.25 mm. For some applications, the applicatoris configured such that rotation of rotatable surface 92 both (a)applies the breaking torque to the delivery tube that breaks thedelivery tube at the thinner portion, and (b) rotates screw 98 todecouple the applicator from the proximal implant end.

For other applications, the connecting element does not comprise ascrew, and instead comprises one or more surfaces, such as conicalsurfaces, that are configured to removably couple the applicator to theproximal implant end by friction. For example, the applicator maycomprises a male coupling element, that is configured to be coupled to afemale coupling element of the implant.

Reference is made to FIGS. 7, 8, 9A-E, and 10, which are schematicillustrations of dental implant 30 and applicator 32 comprising aretaining element 170, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 (a cross-section view of FIG. 7) showretaining element 170 in a first position in which the retaining elementprevents the distal end of delivery tube 50 from separating from implant30. Retaining element 170 thus holds the distal end of delivery tube 50sealingly coupled to implant 30 such that the delivery tube is in fluidcommunication with lumen 40 of implant 30 via lateral opening 44 ofimplant 30.

FIGS. 9A-E are views from respective directions in which retainingelement 170 assumes a second position in which the retaining elementdoes not prevent the distal tube end from separating from the implant,such that delivery tube 50 becomes decoupled from the implant. FIG. 10is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 9A. Retaining element 170 provides astrong seal that is able to withstand the pressure of the fluid providedby fluid source 54, (as described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS.11B and 11C) and the injection of a regenerative material (as describedhereinbelow with reference to FIG. 11D).

For some applications, the distal end of delivery tube 50 is shaped soas to define a cone. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the cone may havean opening angle θ (theta) of between 0 and 90 degrees, such as betweenabout 0 and about 60 degrees. For some applications, the cone forms aMorse taper, in which case the distal end of delivery tube 50 must beremoved with force when retaining element 170 assumes the secondposition.

For some applications, retaining element 170 comprises a retainingelement body 172, a pivoting element 174, and a proximal blockingelement 176. Delivery tube 50 is coupled to the pivoting element. Thepivoting element is configured to pivot with respect to the retainingelement body, such that the delivery tube also pivots with respect tothe retaining element body, and thereby with respect to applicator 32.

Blocking element 176 can be advanced distally and withdrawn proximallywithin applicator 32, such as by rotating the blocking element. When ina distal position, the blocking element prevents pivoting element 174from pivoting freely, thereby causing retaining element 170 to assumethe first position in which the retaining element prevents the distalend of delivery tube 50 from separating from implant 30. When in aproximal position, the blocking element does not interfere with thepivoting of pivoting element 174, thereby allowing retaining element 170to assume the second position in which the retaining element does notprevent the distal end of delivery tube 50 from separating from implant30.

For some applications, as shown in FIGS. 9D-E, applicator 32 furthercomprises a spring 178, which is configured to apply a force thatseparates the distal tube end from the implant when the retainingelement assumes the second position.

For some applications, the distal end of delivery tube 50 comprises asealing element, which is configured to removably sealingly coupledelivery tube 50 to implant 30. For example, the sealing element maycomprise an o-ring or a gasket.

Reference is made to FIGS. 11A-F, which are schematic illustrations ofseveral steps of a minimally-invasive closed sinus lift surgicalprocedure for implanting dental implant 30, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. The procedure is typically employedwhen a patient's maxillary alveolar ridge lacks sufficient bone mass tosupport a conventional dental implant. A surgeon begins the procedure bypreparing the oral facial region, and administering a local anesthetic.Optionally, as shown in FIG. 11A, the surgeon initiates an osteotomy ina maxillary alveolar ridge 100 by making a preliminary portion of a boreusing a dental drill, such as a conventional sinus bur 102. Thispreliminary bore portion typically has a diameter of between about 1 andabout 7 mm, e.g., between about 2 and about 6 mm, and leaves residualbone thickness of between about 0.5 and about 5 mm, e.g., between about1 and about 4 mm, or between about 0.5 and about 2 mm. Optionally, thesurgeon widens the bore using a series of successively wider drill bits,until a desired bore diameters is achieved (for example, the largestdrill bit may have a diameter of 3.65 mm for an implant having adiameter of 4.2 mm, or a diameter of 4.2 mm for an implant having adiameter of 5 mm). The bore may be measured using techniques known inthe art, such as CT, x-ray, or x-ray with a depth guide. For someapplications, a surgical guide is used to ensure clearance between thecenter of the osteotomy and the nearest tooth surfaces. Optionally, apre-surgery radiograph (e.g., CT or x-ray) is performed, in order toenable the surgeon to estimate the height of the residual bone and planthe osteotomy accordingly.

After drilling the preliminary bore portion, the surgeon advances dentalimplant 30 into the bore by screwing the implant into ridge 100 using asurgical screwing tool 110, as shown in FIG. 11B. Screwing tool 110 maycomprise a conventional manual ratchet wrench, or a conventional drillor motor to which an appropriate drill head is attached, and which isoperated at a low speed and at low torque. Alternatively, screwing tool110 may comprise a conventional hexagonal tool with a knurled knob, suchas a knurled hex screwdriver, and along its axis, a thin rod having ahexagonal head which fits into a female hexagonal socket defined by aproximal end of applicator 32.

While the surgeon screws the implant, fluid source 54 provides a fluidunder monitored pressure to distal implant portion 48, such as distalimplant end 38, via supply tube 52, delivery tube 50, and lumen 40. Thefluid typically comprises a biocompatible solution such as normal salinesolution, or a gas, e.g., air. Implant 30 functions as a cork thatisolates the distal end of the bore from the oral cavity, allowingrelatively high pressure to develop in the fluid distal to the implant,without being released to the oral cavity. A drop in the pressure isdetected as distal implant end 38 forms an opening through the top ofridge 100 to below a Schneiderian membrane 122, thereby bringing distalopening(s) 41 into fluid communication with a surface of the membranefacing ridge 100, as shown in FIG. 11B. Upon detection of the drop, thesurgeon ceases screwing implant 30 to avoid perforating the membrane.Distal implant end 38 typically does not pass through the top of ridge100, at least at this stage in the procedure.

The drop in pressure may be detected using a separate pressure gauge124, for example for applications in which fluid source 54 comprises amanual syringe 126, as shown in FIG. 11B. Such a gauge may be coupled tosupply tube 52, as shown in the figure, or directly to the syringe(configuration not shown), as is known in the art, e.g., the Viceroy™Inflation Syringe (Merit Medical Systems, Inc., South Jordan, Utah).Alternatively, for applications in which fluid source 54 comprises apowered drug delivery device, the drop in pressure may be detected usinga pressure gauge integrated into the drug delivery device, as is knownin the art (configuration not shown). For some applications, system 20comprises an output unit that generates an output notifying the surgeonof the drop in pressure. The output may include an audio or visualsignal. Alternatively or additionally, system 20 may display anindication of a numerical value of the measured pressure.

In an alternative embodiment, manual syringe 126 comprises aloss-of-resistance (LOR) syringe, such as known in the epidural art forlocating the epidural space. The surgeon detects the drop in pressure bydetecting a loss of resistance as distal implant end 38 forms an openingthrough the top of ridge 100 to below a Schneiderian membrane 122. Forexample, the Episure AutoDetect LOR Syringe (Indigo Orb, Inc., Irvine,Calif., USA) may be used.

Alternatively, instead of providing and measuring a pressure of a fluid,after the initial insertion of the implant into the bore, the surgeonuses a periapical radiograph to estimate remaining distance from implanttip to the sinus floor. The surgeon rotates the implant to penetrateinto the sinus, such as by rotating the implant by a number of rotationsequal to the remaining distance divided by a constant, e.g., 1.2 mm.Typically, the surgeon performs an additional periapical radiograph toensure that the implant has penetrated into the sinus cavity.

As shown in FIG. 11C, the surgeon gently lifts and separates membrane122 from the top of ridge 100 into a maxillary sinus 128, by injecting afluid 129, such as a biocompatible solution such as normal salinesolution or a gas, from fluid source 54 under controlled pressure viasupply tube 52, delivery tube 50, and lumen 40, so as to form a cavity120 under the membrane between the ridge and the membrane (in FIG. 11C,the membrane is shown partially raised). System 20 generates an outputindicative of a numerical value of the measured pressure, and/or awarning output if the measured pressure crosses a threshold value. Anincrease in the pressure generally indicates that the membrane isexpanding and may perforate. Typically, the surgeon injects sufficientfluid 129 into cavity 120 to inflate the cavity to a vertical height ofbetween about 2 and about 20 mm from the top of ridge 100, such asbetween about 2 and about 11 mm, e.g., between about 2 and about 8 mm.For some applications, a measured volume of fluid 129 is injected inorder to achieve the desired cavity height, such as between about 0.5and about 6 ml of fluid, e.g., between about 1 and about 4 ml, orbetween about 2 and about 4 ml.

The fluid is typically drained from the cavity, and the surgeon injectsa regenerative material 130, such as liquid or gel bone graft, intocavity 120, as shown in FIG. 11D. Fluid source 54 or a separate syringeor powered drug delivery device is used for injecting the regenerativematerial. If a separate syringe or device is used to inject thematerial, the material may be provided via supply tube 52, or via aseparate supply tube coupled to proximal joint portion 60 of swiveljoint 64, or coupled to supply tube 52 near the applicator.Alternatively, the material may be directly injected into lumen 40 bydirectly coupling the syringe to the implant. Regenerative material 130may comprise an allograph, an autogeneous bone graft, or a xenograft,and may, for example, comprise a natural material, a synthetic material,or a mixture thereof. For example, regenerative material 130 maycomprise one of the following commercially available fluid bone graftmaterials: DBX Paste (MTF), Allomatrix (Wright), Cerament (BoneSupport), DynaGraft (Citagenix/ISOTIS), Fisiograft (Ghimas), Grafton(Osteotech), Optium DBM Gel (Lifenet/Depuy J&J), OsteoMax (Orthfix), PDVitalOs Cemen (VitalOs), or Regenafil® (Exactech). Alternatively,regenerative material 130 may comprise the composition describedhereinbelow that comprises saline solution mixed with solid bone graftparticles. Optionally, the system monitors and generates an outputindicative of the pressure of the regenerative material as it isinjected.

For some applications, system 20 measures the volume of fluid 129injected into the cavity between the ridge and the membrane whileforming cavity 120, at the step of the procedure described hereinabovewith reference to FIG. 11C. Responsively to the measured volume, thesurgeon determines an amount of regenerative material 130 to inject intocavity 120 at the step of the procedure described hereinabove withreference to FIG. 11D. Typically, the amount of regenerative material130 is approximately equal to the volume of injected fluid 129, orslightly greater or less than the volume of the injected fluid. As aresult, waste of regenerative material 130 is generally minimized, andthe likelihood of perforating the membrane by injection of theregenerative material is generally reduced.

For some applications, the surgeon uses a flexible wire as a piston tohelp push the regenerative material through the supply tubes and/orlumen. This technique may be helpful when the regenerative material isviscous and thus difficult to inject using an ordinary syringe.

Alternatively, the surgeon injects regenerative material 130, ratherthan fluid 129, to lift membrane 122, thereby combining the steps of theprocedure described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 11C and 11D. Inthis case, the regenerative material typically comprises a liquid.

The surgeon decouples delivery tube 50 from implant 30, and furtheradvances (e.g., by rotating or screwing) implant 30 into regenerativematerial 130 in cavity 120, as shown in FIG. 11E. The surgeon maydecouple the delivery tube before or while further advancing theimplant, and/or by advancing the implant until the tube becomesdecoupled because of the rotation. For some applications, the surgeondecouples the delivery tube using the tools and techniques describedhereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 12A and 12B. This additionaladvancing of the implant advances lateral surface 42 of implant 30 atleast until lateral opening 44 is positioned entirely within the bore inridge 100 and/or in regenerative material 130 in cavity 120. Suchpositioning of both ends of lumen 40 within bone substantially reducesthe risk of infection, because proximal end 34 of implant 30 that isexposed to the oral cavity or gingiva is permanently closed. The surgeondecouples applicator 32 from implant 30, such as by pulling the malecoupling element out of the female coupling element, or using the tooland techniques described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 12C-E.Typically, the surgeon couples a cover screw to the proximal end of theimplant using a hand driver, and sutures the gingiva.

As shown in FIG. 11F, after bone grows into regenerative material 130and is integrated into ridge 100, an appliance 140, such as a crown, iscoupled to implant 30, typically using an abutment 142 coupled toimplant 30, as is known in the art. Alternatively, as mentioned above,implant 30 comprises a single-stage transgingival implant/abutment, asis known in the art.

Reference is made to FIGS. 11G-I, which are schematic cross-sectionalillustrations of alternative techniques for injecting regenerativematerial 130, taken along line XIG-XIG of FIG. 11D, in accordance withrespective embodiments of the present invention. These techniques areused instead of or in addition to the injection technique describedhereinabove with reference to FIG. 11D. In these techniques, aftermembrane 122 has been lifted from the top of ridge 100, as describedhereinabove with reference to FIG. 11C, the surgeon forms a second borethrough the ridge at a second bore location, e.g., using a dental drill.The second bore location is typically at least 1 mm, such as at least 2mm or at least 3 mm, from a first bore location of the bore describedhereinabove with reference to FIG. 11C. The surgeon injects regenerativematerial 130 into cavity 120, typically using a separate syringe 146 orpowered drug delivery device, via a supply line 148.

For some applications, as shown in FIGS. 11G and 11H, the surgeoninjects the regenerative material by inserting an adaptor 143 into thesecond bore. The adaptor is shaped so as to define a channeltherethrough. Supply line 148 is coupled to the proximal end of thechannel. For example, adaptor 143 may be threaded, as shown in FIG. 11G,in which case the surgeon screws the adaptor into the second bore. Inthis configuration, adaptor 143 is typically rigid, and may comprise ametal. Alternatively, the adaptor may not be threaded, as shown in FIG.11H, in which case the surgeon presses the adaptor into the second bore.In this configuration, the adaptor may be rigid (e.g., may comprise ametal) or flexible (e.g., may comprise rubber). Optionally, the adaptoris conical.

For other applications, the surgeon injects the regenerative materialusing a needle 144, as shown in FIG. 11I. The surgeon may form thesecond bore using a dental drill, or form the second bore directly usingthe needle. For still other applications, the surgeon injects thematerial through a channel of a drill bit, such as described herein withreference to FIG. 4 or 20.

Insertion of the regenerative material through a separate bore allowsthe use of an implant having a narrower lumen 40 and/or delivery tube50, because the lumen and delivery tube need only allow passage of thefluid as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11C, and not theregenerative material, which is generally more viscous than the fluid.

In an embodiment of the present invention, one of dental drills 300 or820, described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 14 or 20,respectively, is used to perform the sinus lift through a first bore,rather than implant 30. Alternatively, the sinus lift is performed usinga conventional surgical drill with irrigation, such as internalirrigation, as is known in the art and commercially available. Theregenerative material is injected through a second bore, as describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 11G-I. In addition to allowing theuse of a narrower lumen through the drill bit, insertion of theregenerative material through a separate bore allows the use of anarrower drill bit for performing the sinus lift through the first bore.

In an embodiment of the present invention, liquid osteotome 1230,described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 24A-C and 25, or FIGS. 26and 27A-B, is used to perform the sinus lift through a first bore,rather than implant 30. The regenerative material is injected through asecond bore, as described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 11G-I. Inaddition to allowing the use of a narrower lumen through the osteotome,insertion of the regenerative material through a separate bore allowsthe use of a narrower osteotome for performing the sinus lift throughthe first bore.

Reference is made to FIGS. 12A and 12B, which are schematicillustrations of tools and techniques, respectively, for decouplingdelivery tube 50 from implant 30, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. These tools and techniques are particularlyuseful for the configuration of delivery tube 50, implant 30, andapplicator 32 described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B,5, and 6.

FIG. 12A shows a stabilization tool 150 and a driver tool 160. A distalend of the stabilization tool is shaped so as to define a couplingopening 152, having, for example, an internal hex width of 6.35 mm.Driver tool 160 may be a conventional hand driver having a hex width of2.4 mm, for example. In an embodiment of the present invention, drivertool 160 is coupled to stabilization tool 150 within coupling opening152, such that the driver tool is rotatable with respect to the distalend of the stabilization tool.

As shown in FIG. 12B, the surgeon stabilizes applicator 32 by couplingstabilization tool 150 to the proximal end of the applicator. Applicator32, as shown hereinabove in FIGS. 3A-D and 4A-B, comprises an applicatorbody, which comprises rotatable surface 92 accessible from the proximalend of the applicator. Applicator 32 is also shaped so as to define astabilization surface 154 accessible from the proximal end of theapplicator. Application of a stabilizing force to stabilization surface154 stabilizes the implant during rotation of rotatable surface 92. As aresult, the decoupling of delivery tube 50 from implant 30 does notdislodge or misalign the implant, which has been precisely placed in abore in the ridge, as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11B.Furthermore, application of the stabilizing force reduces or preventsthe transfer of force to the bone from tools operating on the applicatorand/or implant.

The outer diameter (or width, such as if the surface is hexagonal) ofthe stabilizing surface is approximately equal to the internal diameter(or width) of coupling opening 152 of stabilization tool 150, and thestabilizing surface and coupling opening have corresponding shapes.

The surgeon positions stabilization tool 150 such that coupling opening152 is removably coupled to stabilization surface 154, and applies thestabilizing force to stabilization surface 154. For example, both thecoupling opening and the stabilization surface may be hexagonal.Typically, rotatable surface 92 and stabilization surface 154 areconfigured to facilitate on-axis rotation of the rotatable surface,thereby minimizing any off-axis force that the rotation may cause theapparatus to apply to its surroundings.

In order to decouple delivery tube 50 from implant 30 by breakingthinner portion 72 of the delivery tube, while the stabilization toolstabilizes the applicator, the surgeon removably couples a driver tool160 to rotatable surface 92 of applicator 32 through opening 152 ofstabilization tool 150, and rotates the driver tool, thereby rotatingthe rotatable surface and breaking thinner portion 72, as describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6. For example,driver tool 160 may be a conventional dental hand driver having a hexwidth of 2.4 mm

Reference is made to FIGS. 12C and 12D-E, which are schematicillustrations of a tool and techniques for decoupling applicator 32 fromimplant 30, respectively, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. This tool and these techniques are particularlyuseful for the configuration of delivery tube 50, implant 30, andapplicator 32 described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B,5, and 6.

FIG. 12C shows a driver tool 162, such as a conventional hand driverhaving a hex width of 1.25 mm, for example.

As shown in FIG. 12D, the surgeon decouples applicator 32 from implant30 by inserting driver tool 162 into the head of connecting screw 98,described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, and 6. Thesurgeon rotates driver tool 162 (typically counterclockwise) to unscrewconnecting screw 98, thereby decoupling applicator 32 from implant 30.Typically, stabilizing tool 150 remains coupled to stabilization surface154 of implant 30 during this decoupling. FIG. 12E shows the applicatorafter it has been decoupled from the implant, leaving the implant inplace in the ridge.

Reference is made to FIGS. 13A and 13B, which are schematicillustrations of respective configurations of dental implant 30 in whichthe implant comprises a valve 200, in accordance with respectiveembodiments of the present invention. In the configuration shown in FIG.13A, valve 200 comprises a trap door valve positioned in a fluid pathdefined by lumen 40 near lateral opening 44. In the configuration shownin FIG. 13B, valve 200 is arranged in a fluid path defined by lumen 40.Alternatively, the valve may be arranged in delivery tube 50(configuration not shown).

For some applications, valve 200 comprises a unidirectional valve thatis configured to allow passage of material through lumen 40 or deliverytube 50 toward distal implant end 38, and to prevent the passage in anopposite direction. For these applications, valve 200 may be positionedat (a) any convenient location along lumen 40, as shown in FIG. 13A,such as in a vicinity of lateral opening 44, in a vicinity of a distalopening of the lumen, or at an intermediary location in the lumen, or(b) any convenient location along delivery tube 50 (configuration notshown).

For other applications, valve 200 is configured to allow bidirectionalflow through lumen 40. For these applications, the valve may bepositioned in a vicinity of lateral opening 44, and may comprise, forexample, a trap door valve, a faucet valve, a duckbill check valve(e.g., comprising a biodegradable material), or a magnetic valve. Thevalve may comprise metal or silicone, or another biocompatible material.For some applications, the valve is configured to be opened by deliverytube 50 when the tube is coupled to implant 30, and to assume a closedposition when the delivery tube is not coupled to the implant. The valveis opened during injection and drainage of fluid 129 (e.g., abiocompatible solution such as normal saline solution), as describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 11C and 11D. For example, if thevalve comprises a trap door, the trap door may be forced open bydelivery tube 50. Regenerative material 130 is injected while the valveremains open, as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11D, andthereafter the valve is closed. For applications in which the valvecomprises a trap door, the trap door may be closed by removing deliverytube 50.

For some applications, valve 200 serves to prevent regenerative material130 from exiting cavity 120 once the material has been injected into thecavity, as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11D. For someapplications, the sinus lift is performed by injecting fluid 129 (e.g.,a biocompatible solution such as normal saline solution) using aseparate dental sleeve. After cavity 120 has been formed between ridge100 and membrane 122, the sleeve is removed, implant 130 is inserted,and regenerative material 130 is injected into the cavity via theimplant.

For some applications, valve 200 is configured to be opened and closedusing an open/close control accessible from outside of the implant. Forexample, the open/close control may comprise a thin rod that passesthrough the lateral surface of the implant. One end of the rod isaccessible from the lateral surface, and is shaped so as to define amale or female coupling element, e.g., a hexagonal socket or a screwslot. The other end of the rod comprises an opening/closing elementpositioned within lumen 40. The opening/closing element is configured toblock passage through the lumen when the rod is rotated in a first setof one or more rotational positions, and to allow passage through thelumen when the rod is rotated in a second set of one or more rotationalpositions.

Reference is made to FIG. 14, which is a schematic illustration of adental drill 300, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Drill 300 comprises a bit 310 which is shaped so as to definea lumen 340 therethrough that is open to a distal portion of the bitthat extends from a distal end 314 of the bit along up to 8 mm of alongitudinal length of the bit, such as up to 6 mm of the length, up to4 mm of the length, or up to 2 mm of the length. For some applications,lumen 340 is open to distal end 314 of the bit, either at the tip of thebit or in the general area of the distal end of the bit. The surgeonuses drill 300 to perform a sinus lift procedure (e.g., a controlledsinus lift procedure, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 11A-D), a lateral ridge augmentation (such as describedhereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 22A-F or FIGS. 23A-F), or anotherdental procedure. Drill 300 is coupled to a source of pressure 354.While the surgeon drills a bore through the maxillary alveolar ridge,fluid source 354 provides a fluid under monitored pressure to the distalbit portion, such as distal bit end 314, via lumen 340. The fluidtypically comprises a biocompatible solution such as normal salinesolution, or a gas, e.g., air.

Bit 310 functions as a cork that isolates the distal end of the borefrom the oral cavity, allowing the development of relatively highpressure in the fluid, as described hereinabove. Alternatively, ano-ring is provided around the bit to provide a seal. A drop in thepressure is detected as distal bit end 314 forms an opening through thetop of ridge 100 to below a Schneiderian membrane (similar to the stepof the earlier described procedure shown in FIG. 11B), thereby bringingthe distal opening into fluid communication with a surface of themembrane facing the ridge. Upon detection of the pressure drop, thesurgeon ceases drilling to avoid perforating the membrane. For someapplications, the drill automatically ceases drilling upon detecting thedrop in pressure, while for other applications, the drill generates anoutput notifying the surgeon of the drop in pressure. The output mayinclude an audio or visual signal. Alternatively or additionally, thedrill may display an indication of a numerical value of the measuredpressure.

After penetrating the ridge, the surgeon performs a sinus lift, eitherusing techniques described herein (such as injecting a fluid undercontrolled pressure), or using techniques known in the art. For someapplications, the surgeon inserts dental implant 30 into the bore, whichis not necessarily provided with swivel joint 64. For otherapplications, the surgeon inserts a conventional dental implant into thebore.

In an embodiment of the present invention, this controlledpressure-based penetration is performed using an osteotome, rather thanbit 310. For example, the osteotome may comprise osteotome 1230,described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 24A-C and 25, or osteotome1330, described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 26 and 27A-B.

Reference is made to FIGS. 15A-C, which are schematic illustrations ofconfigurations of a dental implant system 420, in accordance withrespective embodiments of the present invention. System 420 comprises adental implant 430, which is shaped so as to define a lumen 440therethrough having at least one distal opening 441 through a distalexternal surface of a distal portion 448 of the implant that extendsfrom a distal implant end 438 of the implant along up to 50% of alongitudinal length of the implant, such as up to 30% of the length, upto 15% of the length, or up to 5% of the length. For some applications,distal portion 448 has a longitudinal length of up to 8 mm, such as upto 6 mm, up to 4 mm, or up to 2 mm. Distal opening 441 may be located atdistal implant end 438, such as centered on the distal implant end,e.g., at a distal tip of distal implant end 438, or not centered on thedistal implant end (and thus located at a location other than the distaltip), such as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 2A.Alternatively, distal opening(s) 441 may be located at one or morelocations along distal implant portion 448, including at locations on alateral surface of the implant.

System 420 further comprises an applicator 460 that is removably coupledto a proximal end 434 of implant 430 during a portion of an implantationprocedure. The applicator comprises a chamber 466 that is in fluidcommunication with lumen 440, and an elastic pressure-applying element468 that is configured to apply pressure to the chamber. While thesurgeon screws the implant into the alveolar ridge, pressure is appliedby fluid in chamber 466 to distal implant end 438 via lumen 440. A dropin the pressure is detected as the distal implant end forms an openingthrough the top of the ridge to below a Schneiderian membrane, therebybringing the distal opening into fluid communication with a surface ofthe membrane facing the ridge. Upon detection of the pressure drop, thesurgeon ceases to screw the implant. Although the entire applicator,including the entire pressure-applying element, is shown in FIGS. 15A-Cas being sized to be positioned within an oral cavity of the subject,for some applications a portion of the applicator, such as a portion ofthe pressure-applying element, is configured to be positioned outside ofthe oral cavity. For example, all or part of the pressure-applyingelement may be in fluid communication with the applicator via one ormore tubes (configuration not shown).

In the configuration shown in FIG. 15A, elastic pressure-applyingelement 468 comprises a balloon 470 shaped so as to define chamber 466.For some applications, the pressure is applied by initially inflatingballoon 470 with fluid to greater than atmospheric pressure.Alternatively or additionally, the pressure is applied by the surgeonsqueezing the balloon in conjunction with screwing the implant.

In the configurations shown in FIGS. 15B and 15C, applicator 460comprises a piston 480 and a spring 482 configured to apply pressure tochamber 466. In the configuration shown in FIG. 15B, the spring, piston,and chamber are arranged such that the spring applies pressure in aproximal direction on the piston, and the chamber is positioned proximalto the piston. In this configuration, the chamber is typically in fluidcommunication with lumen 440 via a delivery tube 450, a distal end ofwhich is removably coupled to lumen 440 via a lateral opening 444 in anexternal lateral surface 442 of implant 430, and a proximal end of whichis coupled to the chamber.

In the configuration shown in FIG. 15C, the spring, piston, and chamberare arranged such that the spring applies pressure in a distal directionon the piston, and the chamber is positioned distal to the piston. Inthis communication, a proximal end of lumen 440 is typically open to thechamber at proximal end 434 of the implant via a proximal opening, andthe chamber is in fluid communication with lumen 440 via the proximalopening.

For some applications, the chamber contains a fluid, and the applicatorcomprises an indicator element 484 that is arranged with the piston toindicate when the pressure applied to the chamber has caused ejection ofat least a portion of the fluid from the chamber out of distal implantend 438 via lumen 440. For example, in the configuration shown in FIG.15B, movement of piston 480 in a proximal direction causes indicatorelement 484 to protrude from a proximal end of applicator 460, and inthe configuration shown in FIG. 15C, movement of the piston in a distaldirection causes the indicator element to retract into the proximal endof the applicator.

For some applications, as illustrated in FIG. 15C (but equallyapplicable to the embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 15A and15B), implant 430 comprises a plug 490 removably coupled to the implantso as to seal the distal end of lumen 440. The plug is typicallybiodegradable. The plug comes loose during the implantation procedure byfriction generated by the screwing of the implant, allowing the fluid toescape from the chamber as the distal implant end forms an openingthrough the top of the ridge into the cavity. For some applications, theplug comprises regenerative material, such as bone graft.

For some applications, the techniques described with reference to FIGS.15A-C are practiced in combination with those described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 1, 2A-C, 11A-F, and/or 13A-B. By way of example andnot limitation, implant 430 may comprise a self-tapping implant having acutting surface, such as a screw thread.

Reference is made to FIG. 16, which is a schematic illustration of aremovable sheath 500 applied to a dental implant 530, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. Prior to performance of animplantation procedure, sheath 500 is placed on the implant such thatthe sheath covers at least a portion, e.g., substantially all, of alateral external surface 542 of the implant, and, optionally, at least aportion of an applicator 532 coupled to the implant, and such that atleast a portion of a distal end 438 of the implant is exposed. For someapplications, a ring-shaped distal opening of the sheath is somewhatrigid in order to main the shape of a distal opening of the sheath. Forsome applications, a proximal opening of the sheath is elastic in orderto tightly couple the sheath to applicator 532. Alternatively, sheath500 is placed on the implant such that the sheath covers at least aportion (e.g., all) of a proximal end 534 of the implant. For someapplications of this configuration, applicator 532 is not provided,while for other applications, the applicator is coupled to the proximalend of the implant such that the sheath is held between the proximal endof the implant and a distal end of the applicator. Upon decoupling theapplicator from the implant, the sheath is no longer held in place.

During the implantation procedure, the surgeon inserts the implant intoan alveolar ridge, such as a maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridge. Thesurgeon inhibits infection by removing the sheath from the implant inconjunction with the inserting.

For some applications, the techniques described with reference to FIG.16 are practiced in combination with those described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 1, 2A-C, 11A-F, 13A-B, and/or 15A-C. By way ofexample and not limitation, implant 430 may comprise a self-tappingimplant having a cutting surface, such as a screw thread, and/or may beshaped so as to define a lumen 540 therethrough that is open through adistal opening to a distal portion of the implant, such as distalimplant end 438.

Reference is made to FIGS. 17A and 17B, which are schematicillustrations of a biodegradable dental sleeve 600 in closed and openpositions, respectively, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Dental sleeve 600 is configured to be inserted into a boreformed through a portion of a maxillary alveolar ridge, as describedbelow, or through another bone, such as a mandibular alveolar ridge. Thesleeve comprises a tubular portion 610 having proximal and distal ends612 and 614, and shaped so as to define a lumen 616 therethrough. Thetubular portion may be generally cylindrical, tapered, or conic inshape, and/or may have another shapes, e.g., may be hexagonal incross-section. The sleeve further comprises a biodegradable valve 620coupled to distal end 614 of tubular portion 610, and configured toallow flow through the lumen in a direction from proximal end 612 todistal end 614, as indicated schematically by an arrow 622 in FIG. 17B,and to prevent flow in the opposite direction by closing, as shown inFIG. 17A. Tubular portion 610 and valve 620 typically comprise aflexible material, such as collagen, polylactic acid, or polyglycolicacid. For some applications, valve 620 comprises a flexible duckbillcheck valve, as is known in the art.

During a surgical procedure to implant a dental implant (the implant isnot shown in FIGS. 17A-B), a surgeon forms a bore in the maxillaryalveolar ridge, and lifts the Schneiderian membrane to form a cavityunder the membrane between the ridge and the membrane, such as usingtechniques described herein or known in the art. After lifting themembrane, the surgeon inserts sleeve 600 into the bore, and injects aregenerative material into the cavity (such as described hereinabove,e.g., a liquid regenerative material) through lumen 616 and valve 620.Valve 620 prevents the regenerative material from exiting the cavity.The surgeon mounts a dental implant, such as an implant described hereinor known in the art, in the bore by rotating the implant until a distalportion thereof breaks through valve 620 into the cavity. At this stageof the procedure, the implant blocks exit of the regenerative materialfrom the cavity. The surgeon leaves the valve in place in the bore tobiodegrade, and be absorbed. Typically, tubular portion 610 isbiodegradable, and is left in the bore along with valve 620.Alternatively, the tubular portion and the valve are configured to bereadily separated from one another, and, after mounting the dentalimplant in the bore, the surgeon separates the tubular portion from thevalve and withdraws the tubular portion from the bore.

Reference is made to FIG. 18, which is a schematic illustration of acontrolled bone penetration system 700, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention. System 700 comprises a drilling element 710,which may comprise, for example: (a) a dental drill bit, such as knownin the art, or described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 14 (as shownin FIG. 18); (b) a dental implant, such as known in the art, ordescribed hereinabove; or (c) a generally cylindrical sleeve, such asdescribed, for example, in above-mentioned US Patent ApplicationPublication 2006/0084034 to Hochman. System 700 further comprises alight sensor 712, which is configured to sense a level of illuminationat a distal end 714 of drilling element 710, such as at a distal tip.Light sensor 712 comprises a light detecting element. For someapplications, the light detecting element is positioned at distal end714, as shown in the figure. For other applications, the light detectingelement is positioned remotely from distal end 714, and is in opticalcommunication with the distal end, such as via one or more fiber opticcables that pass through drilling element 710 (configuration not shown).

System 700 further comprises a light source 720, which is configured tobe positioned so as to provide substantially more illumination in thevicinity of light sensor 712 when distal end 714 of drilling element 710has penetrated through a bone, such as the maxillary alveolar ridge,than before the distal end penetrates the bone. For example, lightsource 720 may be positioned in a nasal cavity 722 of the subject ornear the nasal cavity outside the body (e.g., on a cheek of thesubject), such that light emitted by the light source into the nasalcavity illuminates an interior of a maxillary sinus 128 through the wallof the sinus and/or via an anatomical opening between sinus 128 and amiddle nasal meatus of nasal cavity 722. Alternatively, the light sourceis positioned in the maxillary sinus (configuration not shown). Furtheralternatively, the light source is positioned in an oral cavity of thesubject, and illuminates the maxillary sinus via the palate(configuration not shown).

Further alternatively, light source 720 is positioned adjacent to lightsensor 712 on drilling element 710. The level of illumination sensed bylight sensor 712 changes as the distal tip of the implant breaks throughthe bone. For some applications, the light source and/or the lightsensor are positioned remotely from the distal end of drilling element710, and are in optical communication with the distal end, such as viaone or more fiber optic cables that pass through drilling element 710(configuration not shown).

System 700 further comprises an output unit 740, which is configured togenerate an output indicative of the illumination sensed by light sensor712. For example, the output may indicate a level of the light detected,such as numerically or by a tone configured to indicate the level (e.g.,by varying its pitch and/or volume), and/or to indicate when thedetected level of illumination crosses a threshold level.

During an implantation procedure, the surgeon positions light source 720at the desired location, and begins creating a bore in the maxillaryalveolar ridge using drilling element 710. As distal end 714 and lightsensor 712 approach the top of the ridge, the light sensor detects arapid increase in the amount of light reaching the detector from lightsource 720. Typically, but not necessarily, the detected light varies asa sigma function with respect to the distance the distal implanttravels. Responsively to this measurement of light intensity, thesurgeon may decrease the rotational speed of the drill as the distal endapproaches penetration out of the bone. When the distal end 714 forms anopening through the top of ridge 100 to below a Schneiderian membrane122, the light sensor detects a substantial increase in illumination,and the surgeon ceases drilling.

In an embodiment of the present invention, light source 720 isconfigured to emit light from distal end 714 of drilling element 710,and light sensor 712 is positioned remotely from the distal end todetect the emitted light, such as in nasal cavity 722 or outside of thecavity, such as outside of a body of the subject. The light sensor,whether positioned in the cavity or not, is configured to sense a levelof the emitted light within the cavity.

For some applications, system 700 is used for controlled penetration ofanother body structure, such as another bone, a brain, a spinal cord, acyst, or another lesion in a bone. For example, the lesion may be in abody part in which the lesion has different optical properties from thenative tissue. For some applications, the lesion is a vascular lesion,such as a vascular tumor.

For some applications, system 700 is used for controlled penetration ofa tumor. Tumors often are optically distinct from surround tissue, suchas because the tumors have greater blood supply than surrounding tissue,or different density than that of surrounding tissue (e.g., greateropacity than that of surrounding tissue). For some applications, lightsource 720 generates light at two different wavelengths, and the systemanalyzes the detected light at the two wavelengths to detect a level ofblood supply, such as using techniques known in the pulse oximetry art.A greater level of blood indicates that the tool has penetrated into thetumor.

For some applications, system 700 is used for controlled penetration ofa needle into a uterus during amniocentesis. The penetration isalternatively or additionally detected by detecting a change inpressure, using techniques described hereinabove. Similarly, system 700and/or the pressure change detection techniques described herein may beused for detecting penetration of an epidural needle into the epiduralspace at the base of the spine.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the techniques describedherein are used for performing nasal floor elevation, mutatis mutandis,in order to implant a dental implant in the incisor position. A bore isformed through a maxillary alveolar ridge in a region of the upperincisors from the front side, and the implant is inserted into the boreat least until the distal opening comes into fluid communication with asurface of a nasal floor membrane facing the ridge. The membrane israised to form a cavity between the ridge and the membrane.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the techniques describedherein are used with an inclined entry, for patients in which theresidual bone of the maxillary alveolar ridge is too thin to achievestability. A bore is formed with an inclined entry at a locationadjacent the site of the implant where there is sufficient bone, andsinus lift is performed via the bore using the techniques describedherein, mutatis mutandis, such as the techniques described hereinabovewith reference to FIG. 14, or with reference to FIGS. 1, 2A-F, 3A-D,4A-B, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9A-E, 10, 11A-F, 12A-B, 13A-B, 15A-C, 16, and/or17A-B. For some applications, the bore is formed using a biodegradabledrilling element that is configured to biodegrade as the regenerativematerial integrates with the native bone. Regenerative material isinjected into the cavity between the ridge and the Schneiderianmembrane. Prior to or after the material integrates, a second straightbore is made at the desired implant location through the thinpreexisting bone and into the regenerative material or new bone, and aconventional implant is inserted into the bore.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the techniques describedherein are used with a palatal entry. A bore is formed in the palate(which is thicker than the maxillary alveolar ridge), and sinus lift isperformed via the bore using the techniques described herein, mutatismutandis, such as the techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIG. 14, or with reference to FIGS. 1, 2A-F, 3A-D, 4A-B, 5, 6, 7, 8,9A-E, 10, 11A-F, 12A-B, 13A-B, 15A-C, 16, and/or 17A-B. For someapplications, the bore is formed using a biodegradable drilling elementthat is configured to biodegrade as the regenerative material integrateswith the native bone. The drilling element is withdrawn or allowed tobiodegrade. Regenerative material is injected into the cavity betweenthe ridge and the Schneiderian membrane. Prior to or after the materialintegrates, a second bore is made at the desired implant locationthrough the maxillary alveolar ridge and the new bone, and aconventional implant is inserted into the bore.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the regenerative materialcomprises a composition comprising solid bone graft particles mixed witha physiological solution, such as saline solution, blood, or dilutedblood. For example, the solid bone graft particles may comprisefreeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA). Typically, the volume concentrationof the particles in the composition before filtering is less than 50%,e.g., less than 25%, such as between about 10% and about 20%, asdescribed below. For some applications, two bores are formed through themaxillary alveolar ridge to below the Schneiderian membrane. Theregenerative material is injected though a first bore, and at least aportion of the physiological solution drains through a filter in (or incommunication with) the second bore, leaving at least a portion of solidbone graft particles in a cavity formed between the ridge and themembrane. Typically, the volume concentration of the particles in thecomposition after filtering is greater than 50%, e.g., between about 80%and about 100%. For some applications, this technique is used for bonesother than the maxillary alveolar ridge, such as a mandibular alveolarridge.

Reference is made to FIGS. 19A-B, which are schematic lateral andhead-on illustrations, respectively, of a configuration of a distalsurface of dental implant 30, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. For some applications, this configuration is used forimplants described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 1, 2F, 3A-D,4A-B, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9A-E, 10, 11A-F, 12A-B, 13A-B, 15A-C, and/or 16. Asdescribed hereinabove with reference to FIG. 1, implant 30 is shaped soas to define a lumen therethrough that is open through at least onedistal opening 41 to distal portion 48 of the implant that extends fromdistal implant end 38 of the implant along up to 50% of a longitudinallength of the implant. Typically, the at least one opening is located atthe center of the distal implant end.

In the present configuration, distal portion 48 is shaped so as todefine at least one surface selected from the group consisting of: atleast one end mill cutter surface 800, at least one self-tapping surface802, and both the at least one end mill cutter surface and the at leastone self-tapping surface (as shown in FIGS. 19A-B). Unlike conventionalend mill and self-tapping surfaces, the end mill cutter and self-tappingsurfaces do not extend into a central area of the implant that definesthe lumen. This confining of the surfaces to the outer area of theimplant accommodates the distal opening and lumen. For someapplications, the end mill and self-tapping surfaces do not extend intoa cylindrical area 803, a central axis of which coincides with a centralaxis 804 of the implant, and which area extends along the entire lengthof the implant. Cylindrical area 803 typically has a diameter of atleast 0.3 mm, such as at least 0.5 mm, or at least 1.5 mm. For someapplications, the diameter of the lumen is between 0.3 and 2 mm, such asbetween 0.5 and 2 mm, e.g., between 1.5 and 1.6 mm. For someapplications, the greatest diameter of the implant (i.e., the diameterof the implant at its widest portion) is no more than 5 mm, such as nomore than 4.2 mm, or is between 3 and 6.5 mm.

The end mill cutter surface creates bone fragments and bone dust thatprotects the Schneiderian membrane or periosteal tissue as the implantis advanced through the bone. In addition, the end mill cutter surfacegrinds the bone of the ridge, which is generally effective for breakingthrough bone. Distal portion 48 both engages the lower portion of thebone while at the same time breaking through the upper portion of thebone.

For some applications, end mill cutter surface 800 is shaped so as todefine exactly two, exactly three, exactly four, exactly five, orexactly six cutting surfaces. For example, in the configuration shown inFIGS. 19A and 19B, end mill cutter surface 800 defines exactly threecutting surfaces 800A, 800B, and 800C, i.e., is tripartite, andself-tapping surface 802 defines exactly three self-tapping surfaces802A, 802B, and 802C. Typically, the cutting surfaces are distributedevenly about a central axis 804 of the implant, offset from the center.Lines 806 respectively defined by the cutting surfaces are typicallytangential to a circle 808 having a center which is intersected bycentral axis 804 of the implant (the circle may or may not have the sameradius as distal opening 41). Thus, for example, for applications inwhich the end mill cutter surface defines exactly two cutting surfaces802, lines 806 are parallel to one another; for applications in whichthe end mill cutter surface defines exactly three cutting surfaces 802,lines 806 form a triangle; and, for application in which the end millcutter surface defines exactly four cutting surfaces 802, lines 806 forma square.

For some applications, distal portion 48 is shaped so as to define aconical cross-section that is configured to cause bone condensation,which generally improves bone density.

Reference is made to FIG. 20, which is a schematic illustration of adental drill 820, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Drill 820 comprises a bit 822 which is shaped so as to definea lumen 824 therethrough that is open to a distal portion of the bitthat extends from a distal end 826 of the bit along up to 8 mm of alongitudinal length of the bit, such as up to 6 mm of the length, up to4 mm of the length, or up to 2 mm of the length. For some applications,lumen 824 is open to distal end 826 of the bit, either at the tip of thebit (e.g., at the center of the tip) or in the general area of thedistal end of the bit.

The surgeon uses drill 820 to perform a sinus lift procedure, such asdescribed hereinabove with reference to FIG. 14, a lateral ridgeaugmentation, such as described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS.22A-F or FIGS. 23A-F, or another dental procedure. For someapplications, drill 820 is coupled to a source of pressure 828. For someapplications, while the surgeon drills a bore through the maxillaryalveolar ridge, fluid source 828 provides a fluid under monitoredpressure to the distal bit portion, such as distal bit end 826, vialumen 824. The fluid typically comprises a biocompatible solution suchas normal saline solution, or a gas, e.g., air.

The distal portion of bit 822 is shaped so as to define at least onesurface selected from the group consisting of: at least one end millcutter surface, at least one self-tapping surface, and both the at leastone end mill cutter surface and the at least one self-tapping surface,such as described hereinabove for the implant with reference to FIGS.19A-B. Unlike conventional end mill and self-tapping surfaces, the endmill cutter and self-tapping surfaces do not extend into a central areaof the bit that defines lumen 824. This confining of the surfaces to theouter area of the bit accommodates the distal opening and lumen. Forsome applications, the end mill and self-tapping surfaces do not extendinto a cylindrical area, which area extends along the entire length ofthe bit, and the central axis of which coincides with a central axis ofthe bit, and which has a diameter of at least 0.3 mm, such as at least0.5 mm, or at least 1.5 mm. For some applications, the greatest diameterof the bit (i.e., the diameter of the bit at its widest portion) is nomore than 5 mm, such as no more than 4.2 mm.

The end mill cutter surface creates bone fragments and bone dust thatprotects the Schneiderian membrane or periosteal tissue as the drill bitis advanced through the bone. In addition, the end mill cutter surfacegrinds the bone of the ridge, which is generally effective for breakingthrough bone.

For some applications, the end mill cutter surface is shaped so as todefine exactly two, exactly three, exactly four, exactly five, orexactly six cutting surfaces, such as described hereinabove for theimplant with reference to FIGS. 19A-B. For example, in the configurationshown in FIG. 20, the end mill cutter surface defines exactly threecutting surfaces, i.e., is tripartite, and the self-tapping surfacedefines exactly three self-tapping surfaces. Typically, the cuttingsurfaces are distributed evenly about a central axis of the bit, offsetfrom the center. Lines respectively defined by the cutting surfaces aretypically tangential to a circle having a center which is intersected bythe central axis of the bit (the circle may or may not have the sameradius as the distal opening).

For some applications, the distal portion of bit 822 is shaped so as todefine a conical cross-section that is configured to cause bonecondensation, which generally improves bone density.

Reference is made to FIGS. 21A-E, which are schematic illustrations of adental implant 930, in accordance with respective embodiments of thepresent invention. Dental implant 930 is shaped so as to define a lumen940 therethrough that is open through a distal opening 941 to a distalportion 948 of the implant that extends from a distal implant end 938 ofthe implant along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant,such as up to 30% of the length, up to 15% of the length, or up to 5% ofthe length. For some applications, distal portion 948 has a longitudinallength of up to 6 mm, such as up to 4 mm, or up to 2 mm.

Distal opening 941 may be located at distal implant end 938, such ascentered on the distal implant end, e.g., at a distal tip of distalimplant end 938, or not centered on the distal implant end (and thuslocated at a location other than the distal tip), such as describedhereinabove with reference to FIG. 2A. Alternatively, distal opening(s)941 may be located at one or more locations along distal implant portion948, including at locations on a lateral surface of the implant. Forsome applications, the lumen is open to the distal end via a pluralityof openings 941, which for some applications results in a more evendistribution of regenerative material in the cavity between the ridgeand the Schneiderian membrane, as described hereinabove, and/or permitspassage of the regenerative material even if some of the openings shouldbecome blocked with bone particles.

Dental implant 930 is typically generally cylindrical, tapered, or conicin shape, other than the lumen, and typically comprises a metal such astitanium, or a ceramic, such as a zirconia (zirconium dioxide) ceramic.The implant may have a greatest diameter of between about 2 and about 7mm, and may be provided in a variety of longitudinal lengths, e.g.,between about 7 and about 18 mm, e.g., between about 12 and about 16 mm,such as about 15 mm. For some applications, the implant has alongitudinal length of less than 20 mm and a greatest diameter of lessthan 10 mm. Typically, implant 930 comprises a two-stage implant. Thesurgeon couples an abutment to the proximal end of the implant afterosseointegration of the implant, as is known in the art, such asdescribed hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11F. Alternatively, implant930 comprises a single-stage transgingival implant, which is shaped soas to define an integrated abutment, as is known in the art. Dentalimplant 930 may incorporate one or more features of dental implant 30described herein.

The proximal end of lumen 940 is open to a proximal implant end 934through a proximal opening 950 of the implant. After the implant hasbeen inserted into a bore, such as using the technique described herein,or other techniques known in the art, proximal opening 950 ispermanently sealed in order to reduce the risk of infection, and/orprovide additional structural strength to the implant.

For some applications, one or more of the following techniques are usedto seal the proximal opening:

-   -   a filling material 952 is placed in the proximal opening, such        as rubber or a glue, as shown in FIG. 21B;    -   a mechanical plug 954 is sealingly coupled to the proximal        opening. For example, the plug may be shaped so as to define a        male Morse taper 956, and the proximal opening correspondingly        shaped female Morse taper, as shown in FIG. 21C;    -   a screw covering 960 is sealingly coupled to the proximal        opening, such as using a gasket 962, as shown in FIG. 21D;    -   a covering 964 is welded to the opening using a laser placed in        the mouth, as shown in FIG. 21E; or    -   a covering is crimped to the opening (configuration not shown).        The proximal end of the implant may define a lip, around which        the covering is crimped. For some applications, a sealing        element, such as a gasket, is provided between the covering and        proximal implant end 934 and/or a distal side of the lip.

Reference is made to FIGS. 22A-F, which are schematic illustrations ofseveral steps of a minimally-invasive closed lateral ridge augmentationsurgical procedure for implanting a dental implant 1030, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. The procedure is typicallyemployed when a patient's maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridge 1000lacks sufficient bone width to support a dental implant, as shown inFIG. 22A. For example, the procedure may be employed for implanting animplant to replace the upper canines, lower molars, upper incisors, orlower incisors.

Dental implant 1030 is typically similar to dental implant 30, such asthe embodiment described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-B,5, and 6 (as shown in FIGS. 22A-F), or the embodiment describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 7, 8, 9A-E, and 10 (not shown inFIGS. 22A-F). Among other features, dental implant 1030 has a distalimplant portion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50%of a longitudinal length of the implant, and the implant shaped so as todefine a lumen therethrough having at least one distal opening through adistal external surface of the distal implant portion. A lateral opening1044 of implant 1030 is typically located more proximally on the implantthan is lateral opening 44 of implant 30. For example, lateral opening1044 may be located between 2 and 16 mm from the distal end of theimplant, such as between 3 and 10 mm. This closed lateral ridgeaugmentation surgical procedure may be performed in combination withother techniques described herein. For some applications, the distalopening of the lumen is located on a lateral surface of the implant nearthe distal end, rather than on the distal end itself.

A surgeon begins the procedure by preparing the oral facial region, andadministering a local anesthetic. Optionally, the surgeon initiates anosteotomy in alveolar ridge 100 by making a preliminary portion of abore using a dental drill, such as a conventional sinus bur. Thispreliminary bore portion typically has a diameter of between about 1 andabout 7 mm, e.g., between about 2 and about 6 mm. Optionally, thesurgeon widens the bore using a series of successively wider drill bits,until a desired bore diameters is achieved (for example, the largestdrill bit may have a diameter of 3.65 mm for an implant having adiameter of 4.2 mm, or a diameter of 4.2 mm for an implant having adiameter of 5 mm). The bore may be measured using techniques known inthe art, such as CT, x-ray, or x-ray with a depth guide. For someapplications, a surgical guide is used to ensure clearance between thecenter of the osteotomy and the nearest tooth surfaces. Optionally, apre-surgery radiograph (e.g., CT or x-ray) is performed, to enable thesurgeon to estimate the necessary depth of the osteotomy.

After drilling the preliminary bore portion, the surgeon advances dentalimplant 1030 into the bore by screwing the implant into ridge 1000 usinga surgical screwing tool. The screwing tool may comprise a conventionalmanual ratchet wrench, or a conventional drill or motor to which anappropriate drill head is attached, and which is operated at a low speedand at low torque. Alternatively, the screwing tool may comprise aconventional hexagonal tool with a knurled knob, such as a knurled hexscrewdriver, and along its axis, a thin rod having a hexagonal headwhich fits into a female hexagonal socket defined by a proximal end ofan applicator 1032.

As shown in FIG. 22B, the surgeon inserts implant 1030 into the bore atleast until the distal opening comes into fluid communication withperiosteal tissue 1040 covering a lateral surface of the bone. Thesurgeon delaminates periosteal tissue 1040 from the bone by injecting afluid 1029 through the lumen of the implant to form a cavity 1020between the bone and periosteal tissue 1040, as shown in FIG. 22C. Forexample, fluid 1029 may comprise a biocompatible solution such as normalsaline solution or a gas. The fluid is provided by a fluid source 1054,such as a manual syringe 1126, via a supply tube 1052.

The fluid is typically drained from the cavity, and the surgeon injectsa regenerative material 1031, such as liquid or gel bone graft, intocavity 1120, as shown in FIG. 22D. Fluid source 1054 or a separatesyringe or powered drug delivery device is used for injecting theregenerative material. If a separate syringe or device is used to injectthe material, the material may be provided via supply tube 1052, or viaa separate supply tube. Regenerative material 1031 may comprise anallograph, an autogeneous bone graft, or a xenograft, and may, forexample, comprise a natural material, a synthetic material, or a mixturethereof. For example, regenerative material 1031 may comprise one of thefollowing commercially available fluid bone graft materials: DBX Paste(MTF), Allomatrix (Wright), Cerament (Bone Support), DynaGraft(Citagenix/ISOTIS), Fisiograft (Ghimas), Grafton (Osteotech), Optium DBMGel (Lifenet/Depuy J&J), OsteoMax (Orthfix), PD VitalOs Cemen (VitalOs),or Regenafil® (Exactech). Alternatively, regenerative material 1031 maycomprise the composition described hereinabove that comprises salinesolution mixed with solid bone graft particles. Optionally, the systemmonitors and generates an output indicative of the pressure of theregenerative material as it is injected.

For some applications, the system measures the volume of fluid 1129injected into the cavity while forming the cavity, at the step of theprocedure described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 22B-C.Responsively to the measured volume, the surgeon determines an amount ofregenerative material 1031 to inject into cavity 1120 at the step of theprocedure described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 22D. Typically,the amount of regenerative material 1031 is approximately equal to thevolume of injected fluid 1129, or slightly greater or less than thevolume of the injected fluid. As a result, waste of regenerativematerial 1031 is generally minimized

For some applications, the surgeon uses a flexible wire as a piston tohelp push the regenerative material through the supply tubes and/orlumen. This technique may be helpful when the regenerative material isviscous and thus difficult to inject using an ordinary syringe.

Alternatively, the surgeon injects regenerative material 1031, ratherthan fluid 1129, to delaminate periosteal tissue 1040 from the bone,thereby combining the steps of the procedure described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 22B-C and 22D. In this case, the regenerativematerial typically comprises a liquid.

The surgeon decouples a delivery tube 1050 from implant 1030, andfurther advances (e.g., by rotating or screwing) implant 1030 intoregenerative material 1031 in cavity 1120, as shown in FIG. 22E. Thisadditional advancing of the implant advances the lateral surface ofimplant 1030 at least until lateral opening 1044 is positioned entirelywithin the bore in ridge 1000 and/or in regenerative material 1031 incavity 1120. Such positioning of both ends of the lumen within bonesubstantially reduces the risk of infection, because the proximal end ofimplant 1030 that is exposed to the oral cavity or gingiva ispermanently closed.

The surgeon may decouple the delivery tube before or while furtheradvancing the implant, and/or by advancing the implant until the tubebecomes decoupled because of the rotation. For some applications, thesurgeon decouples the delivery tube using the tools and techniquesdescribed hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 12A and 12B. The surgeondecouples applicator 1032 from implant 1030, such as by pulling the malecoupling element out of the female coupling element, or using the tooland techniques described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 12C-E.Typically, the surgeon couples a cover screw to the proximal end of theimplant using a hand driver, and sutures the gingiva.

As shown in FIG. 22F, bone grows into regenerative material 1031 and isintegrated into ridge 1000. Thereafter, an appliance, such as a crown,is coupled to implant 1030, typically using an abutment coupled to theimplant, as is known in the art. Alternatively, implant 1030 comprises asingle-stage transgingival implant/abutment, as is known in the art.

Reference is made to FIGS. 23A-F, which are schematic illustrations ofseveral steps of another minimally-invasive closed lateral ridgeaugmentation surgical procedure for implanting a dental implant 1130, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Except asdescribed below, the procedure is generally similar to the proceduredescribed hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 22A-F. The procedure istypically employed when a patient's maxillary or mandibular alveolarridge 1000 lacks sufficient bone width to support a dental implant, asshown in FIG. 23A. For example, the procedure may be employed forimplanting an implant to replace the upper canines, lower molars, upperincisors, or lower incisors.

In this embodiment, unlike in the embodiment described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 22A-F, dental implant 1130 is typically similar todental implant 930, described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 21A-E.Among other features, dental implant 1130 has a distal implant portionthat extends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinallength of the implant, and the implant shaped so as to define a lumen1140 therethrough having at least one distal opening through a distalexternal surface of the distal implant portion. The proximal end oflumen 1140 is open to a proximal implant end through a proximal openingof the implant. This closed lateral ridge augmentation surgicalprocedure may be performed in combination with other techniquesdescribed herein. For some applications, the distal opening of lumen1140 is located on a lateral surface of the implant near the distal end,rather than on the distal end itself.

As described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 22A-F, the surgeon mayinitiate an osteotomy in alveolar ridge 1000 by making a preliminaryportion of a bore using a dental drill.

After drilling the preliminary bore portion, the surgeon advances dentalimplant 1130 into the bore by screwing the implant into ridge 1000 usinga surgical screwing tool. The screwing tool may comprise a conventionalmanual ratchet wrench, or a conventional drill or motor to which anappropriate drill head is attached, and which is operated at a low speedand at low torque. Alternatively, the screwing tool may comprise aconventional hexagonal tool with a knurled knob, such as a knurled hexscrewdriver, and along its axis, a thin rod having a hexagonal headwhich fits into a female hexagonal socket defined by a proximal end ofan applicator 1132. For some applications, applicator 1132 comprises aswivel joint, such as described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 26and 27A-B.

As shown in FIG. 23B, the surgeon inserts implant 1130 into the bore atleast until the distal opening comes into fluid communication withperiosteal tissue 1040 covering a lateral surface of the bone, and atleast until the proximal end of the implant is flush with the bone. Thesurgeon delaminates periosteal tissue 1040 from the bone by injectingfluid 1029 through the lumen of the implant to form cavity 1020 betweenthe bone and periosteal tissue 1040, as shown in FIG. 23C. For example,fluid 1029 may comprise a biocompatible solution such as normal salinesolution or a gas. The fluid is provided by fluid source 1054, such asmanual syringe 1126, via supply tube 1052.

The fluid is typically drained from the cavity, and the surgeon injectsregenerative material 1031, such as liquid or gel bone graft, intocavity 1120, as shown in FIG. 23D, such as using techniques andmaterials described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 22D.Alternatively, the surgeon injects regenerative material 1031, ratherthan fluid 1129, to delaminate periosteal tissue 1040 from the bone,thereby combining the steps of the procedure described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 23B-C and 23D. In this case, the regenerativematerial typically comprises a liquid.

The surgeon decouples supply tube 1052 from implant 1130, leaving theimplant in the ridge, as shown in FIG. 23E. Typically, the surgeoncouples a cover screw to the proximal end of the implant using a handdriver (not shown), and sutures the gingiva.

As shown in FIG. 23F, bone grows into regenerative material 1031 and isintegrated into ridge 1000. Thereafter, an appliance, such as a crown,is coupled to implant 1130, typically using an abutment coupled to theimplant, as is known in the art. Alternatively, implant 1130 comprises asingle-stage transgingival implant/abutment, as is known in the art.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the procedure described withreference to FIGS. 23A-F is performed using a drill bit having a lumen,such as described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 14 and/or 20, or aconventional surgical drill with irrigation, such as internalirrigation, as is known in the art and commercially available. A dentaldrill bit is provided that has a distal bit portion that extends from adistal bit end along up to 6 mm of a longitudinal length of the bit, thebit shaped so as to define a lumen therethrough having at least onedistal opening through a distal external surface of the distal bitportion. The surgeon forms a bore in a bone of an alveolar ridge byinserting the bit into the bone and rotating the bit using a drill. Thesurgeon advances the bit into the bore at least until the distal openingcomes into fluid communication with periosteal tissue covering a lateralsurface of the bone. The surgeon delaminates the periosteal tissue fromthe bone by injecting a fluid through the lumen to form a cavity betweenthe bone and the periosteal tissue. After delaminating the periostealtissue, the surgeon injects a regenerative material into the cavity viathe lumen. The surgeon removes the drill bit, and inserts a dentalimplant, which may be conventional, into the bore and regenerativematerial. Typically, the diameter of the implant is equal to or slightlygreater than the diameter of the drill bit.

For some applications, while injecting the fluid, the volume of theinjected fluid is measured, and an amount of the regenerative materialto inject into the cavity is determined responsively to the measuredvolume of the fluid. Typically, the alveolar ridge is either a maxillaryalveolar ridge or a mandibular alveolar ridge.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 24A-C and 25, which are schematicillustrations of a liquid osteotome 1230, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 24A-C are views fromrespective directions of the osteotome, FIG. 25 is a cross-sectionalview taken along line XXV-XXV of FIG. 24A.

In an embodiment of the present invention, osteotome 1230 is used toperform a sinus lift procedure, e.g., a controlled sinus lift procedure,such as described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 11A-D. After theSchneiderian membrane has been lifted, and the regenerative material hasbeen injected into the cavity below the membrane, the surgeon removesosteotome 1230 from the ridge. A dental implant, which may beconventional, is inserted into the bore and cavity. Typically, thediameter of the implant is equal to or slightly greater than thediameter of osteotome 1230.

In an embodiment of the present invention, osteotome 1230 is used toperform a lateral ridge augmentation, such as described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 23A-F. After the periosteal tissue has beendelaminated from the bone, and the regenerative material has beeninjected into the cavity, the surgeon removes osteotome 1230 from theridge. A dental implant, which may be conventional, is inserted into thebore and cavity. Typically, the diameter of the implant is equal to orslightly greater than the diameter of the portion of osteotome 1230 thatdefines a cutting surface, as described hereinbelow.

Osteotome 1230 is shaped so as to define a lumen 1240 therethrough thatis open through a distal opening 1241 to a distal portion of theosteotome that extends from a distal osteotome end 1238 of the osteotomealong up to 8 mm of a longitudinal length of the osteotome, such as upto 6 mm of the length, up to 4 mm of the length, or up to 2 mm of thelength.

Distal opening 1241 may be located at distal osteotome end 1238, such ascentered on the distal osteotome end, e.g., at a distal tip of distalosteotome end 1238, or not centered on the distal osteotome end (andthus located at a location other than the distal tip), such as describedhereinabove with reference to FIG. 2A. Alternatively, distal opening(s)1241 may be located at one or more locations along distal osteotomeportion 1248, including at locations on a lateral surface of theosteotome. For some applications, the lumen is open to the distal endvia a plurality of openings 1241, which for some applications results ina more even distribution of regenerative material in the cavity, and/orpermits passage of the regenerative material even if some of theopenings should become blocked with bone particles.

At least a portion of a lateral external surface of osteotome 1230 isshaped as to define a cutting surface, typically a screw thread 1236.Osteotome 1230 is typically generally cylindrical, tapered, or conic inshape, other than the lumen, and typically comprises a metal such asstainless steel, titanium, or a ceramic. The portion of the osteotomeincluding the cutting surface (e.g., screw thread 1236) may have agreatest diameter of between about 2 and about 5 mm, e.g., 3.75 mm.

The proximal end of lumen 1240 is open to a proximal osteotome end 1234through a proximal opening 1250 of the osteotome. A supply tube (notshown) is coupled to the proximal opening in order to supply fluid andregenerative material to the lumen, as described hereinabove. Typically,the supply tube is inserted into a short channel defined by aproximal-most portion 1251 of the osteotome, which portion may have alength of between 2 and 5 mm, for example.

The proximal end is shaped so as to define a coupling element 1243, suchas a male coupling element, e.g., a hexagonal head. The surgeontypically uses conventional dental wrenches to engage the couplingelement and rotate the osteotome.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the distal portion of theosteotome is shaped so as to define at least one surface selected fromthe group consisting of: at least one end mill cutter surface, at leastone self-tapping surface, and both the at least one end mill cuttersurface and the at least one self-tapping surface, such as describedhereinabove for the implant with reference to FIGS. 19A-B. Unlikeconventional end mill and self-tapping surfaces, the end mill cutter andself-tapping surfaces do not extend into a central area of the osteotomethat defines lumen 1240. This confining of the surfaces to the outerarea of the osteotome accommodates the distal opening and lumen. Forsome applications, the end mill and self-tapping surfaces do not extendinto a cylindrical area, a central axis of which coincides with acentral axis of the osteotome, and which area extends along the entirelength of the osteotome. The cylindrical area typically has a diameterof at least 0.3 mm, such as at least 0.5 mm, or at least 1.5 mm. Forsome applications, the greatest diameter of the osteotome (i.e., thediameter of the osteotome at its widest portion) is no more than 5 mm,such as no more than 4 mm.

The end mill cutter surface creates bone fragments and bone dust thatprotects the Schneiderian membrane or periosteal tissue as the osteotomeis advanced through the bone. In addition, the end mill cutter surfacegrinds the bone of the ridge, which is generally effective for breakingthrough bone.

For some applications, the end mill cutter surface is shaped so as todefine exactly two, exactly three, exactly four, exactly five, orexactly six cutting surfaces, such as described hereinabove for theimplant with reference to FIGS. 19A-B. For example, in the configurationshown in FIGS. 24A-C and 25, the end mill cutter surface defines exactlythree cutting surfaces, i.e., is tripartite. Typically, the cuttingsurfaces are distributed evenly about a central axis of the osteotome,offset from the center. Lines respectively defined by the cuttingsurfaces are typically tangential to a circle having a center which isintersected by the central axis of the osteotome (the circle may or maynot have the same radius as the distal opening).

For some applications, the distal portion of the osteotome is shaped soas to define a conical cross-section that is configured to cause bonecondensation, which generally improves bone density.

Typically, a total length of osteotome 1230 is between 5 and 35 mm, suchas between 8 and 28 mm.

Reference is made to FIGS. 26 and 27A-B, which are schematicillustrations of a liquid osteotome 1330 that comprises a swivel joint1364, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.27A is a cross-sectional view taken along line XXVIIA-XXVIIA of FIG. 26,and FIG. 27B is a cross-sectional view of another configuration ofosteotome 1330. Other than as described hereinbelow, osteotome 1330 isgenerally similar in structure and use to osteotome 1230, describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 24A-C and 25. Osteotome is typicallyused to perform a sinus lift or lateral ridge augmentation, as describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 24A-C and 25.

Osteotome 1330 comprises a swivel joint 1364 having first and secondjoint portions, which define first and second joint ports, respectively.For some applications, the first joint portion is a distal joint portion1362, and the second joint portion is a proximal joint portion 1360, asshown in FIG. 27A. For other application, the first joint portion isproximal joint portion 1360, and the second joint portion is distaljoint portion 1362, as shown in FIG. 27B.

Joint 1364 is arranged so as to define a fluid path from the first jointport to the second joint port via first and second joint portions. Thefluid path is thus defined from (a) lumen 1240, to (b) the first jointport, to (c) the first joint portion, to (d) the second joint portion,to (e) the second joint portion. The joint portions are arranged to berotatable with respect to one another such that the fluid path ispreserved during rotation. Typically, the first joint portion is fixedto the body of osteotome 1330, while the second joint portion isconfigured to rotate freely with respect to the body of the osteotomeand the first joint portion.

The proximal end of lumen 1240 is open through a lateral opening 1341 ona lateral surface of the osteotome (rather than through a proximalopening 1250, as is the case for osteotome 1230, described hereinabovewith reference to FIGS. 24A-C and 25). The lateral opening is alignedwith the first joint port, such that the lateral opening is in fluidcommunication with the first joint port, and a fluid path is definedfrom the lumen to the first joint portion. Alternatively, the swiveljoint further comprises a delivery tube, and the swivel joint isconfigured as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 1.

A supply tube 1352 is coupled to the second joint port, such that lumen1240 and supply tube 1352 are in fluid communication with one anothervia swivel joint 1364.

Swivel joint 1364 defines a bore therethrough, in which a portion of thebody of the osteotome is positioned. The proximal end of the osteotomeis shaped so as to define coupling element 1243, such as a male couplingelement, e.g., a hexagonal head. The surgeon typically uses conventionaldental wrenches to engage the coupling element and rotate the osteotome,while the second joint port remains generally stationary because it isconnected to supply tube 1352. This configuration thus allows convenientrotation of the osteotome without the need to rotate the supply tube. Inaddition, osteotome 1340 is generally shorter than osteotome 1240because osteotome 1340 does not include proximal-most portion 1251,which is used for coupling the supply tube to osteotome 1240, asdescribed hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 24A-C and 25. Furthermore,osteotome 1340 occupies less space in the patient's mouth than doesosteotome 1240, because there is no need to accommodate the bendingradius of a supply tube inserted into proximal-most portion 1251 ofosteotome 1240, as described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 24A-Cand 25.

Typically, a total length of osteotome 1330 is between 5 and 35 mm, suchas between 8 and 28 mm.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the presentinvention is not limited to what has been particularly shown anddescribed hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present inventionincludes both combinations and subcombinations of the various featuresdescribed hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereofthat are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled inthe art upon reading the foregoing description.

The invention claimed is:
 1. Apparatus comprising a dental implanthaving a central longitudinal axis, a lateral external surface, and adistal implant portion that extends from a distal implant end along upto 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant, the implant being shapedso as to define: a lumen therethrough having (a) at least one distalopening through a distal external surface of the distal implant portion,and (b) a lateral opening open to the lateral external surface, whichlumen is not open to a proximal external surface of the implant within 2mm of a proximal-most part of the implant, and a recessed surface that(a) is recessed from the lateral external surface, (b) is outside of thelumen, and (c) completely surrounds the lateral opening.
 2. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recessed surface faces awayfrom the central longitudinal axis.
 3. The apparatus according to claim2, wherein the recessed surface is parallel to the central longitudinalaxis.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the recessedsurface is conical.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein aportion of the recessed surface is conical and a portion of the recessedsurface is parallel to the central longitudinal axis.
 6. The apparatusaccording to claim 2, wherein the recessed surface is concave away fromthe central longitudinal axis.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein at least a portion of the lateral external surface is shaped soas to define a cutting surface, and wherein the lateral opening iswithin the portion of the lateral external surface that defines thecutting surface.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein aproximal-most part of the implant is shaped so as to define anabutment-coupling surface.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 8,further comprising an abutment, which is configured to be coupled to theabutment-coupling surface.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the implant is shaped so as to define an integrated abutment.11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one distalopening is located on the distal external surface at one or morelocations selected from the group consisting of: a center of the distalimplant end, and a location on the distal implant end other than thecenter.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the implant ispermanently closed to the lumen within 3 mm of the proximal-most part ofthe implant.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein aproximal-facing surface of the implant is permanently closed to thelumen.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lumen hasexactly one lateral opening to the lateral external surface of theimplant.
 15. Apparatus comprising: a dental implant having a centrallongitudinal axis, a lateral external surface, and a distal implantportion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of alongitudinal length of the implant, the implant being shaped so as todefine: a lumen therethrough having (a) at least one distal openingthrough a distal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b)a lateral opening open to the lateral external surface, and a recessedsurface that (a) is recessed from the lateral external surface, (b) isoutside of the lumen, and (c) completely surrounds the lateral opening;and a delivery tube having a proximal tube end and a distal tube end,which distal tube end is removably coupled to the recessed surface suchthat the delivery tube is in fluid communication with the lumen via thelateral opening.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein thedistal tube end comprises a sealing element, which is configured toremovably sealingly couple the delivery tube to the recessed surface.17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the sealing element isselected from the group consisting of: an o-ring and a gasket.
 18. Theapparatus according to claim 15, wherein the lumen is not open to aproximal external surface of the implant within 2 mm of a proximal-mostpart of the implant.
 19. Apparatus comprising a dental implant having acentral longitudinal axis, a lateral external surface, and a distalimplant portion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50%of a longitudinal length of the implant, the implant being shaped so asto define: a lumen therethrough having (a) at least one distal openingthrough a distal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b)a lateral opening open to the lateral external surface, which lumen isnot open to a proximal external surface of the implant within 2 mm of aproximal-most part of the implant, and a recessed surface that (a) isrecessed from the lateral external surface, (b) completely surrounds thelateral opening, and (c) faces away from the central longitudinal axis.20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the recessed surface isparallel to the central longitudinal axis.
 21. The apparatus accordingto claim 19, wherein the recessed surface is conical.
 22. The apparatusaccording to claim 19, wherein a portion of the recessed surface isconical and a portion of the recessed surface is parallel to the centrallongitudinal axis.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein therecessed surface is concave away from the central longitudinal axis. 24.The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the implant is permanentlyclosed to the lumen within 3 mm of the proximal-most part of theimplant.
 25. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein aproximal-facing surface of the implant is permanently closed to thelumen.
 26. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the lumen hasexactly one lateral opening to the lateral external surface of theimplant.
 27. Apparatus comprising: a dental implant having a centrallongitudinal axis, a lateral external surface, and a distal implantportion that extends from a distal implant end along up to 50% of alongitudinal length of the implant, the implant being shaped so as todefine: a lumen therethrough having (a) at least one distal openingthrough a distal external surface of the distal implant portion, and (b)a lateral opening open to the lateral external surface, and a recessedsurface that (a) is recessed from the lateral external surface, (b)completely surrounds the lateral opening, and (c) faces away from thecentral longitudinal axis; and a delivery tube having a proximal tubeend and a distal tube end, which distal tube end is removably coupled tothe recessed surface such that the delivery tube is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the lateral opening.
 28. The apparatusaccording to claim 27, wherein the distal tube end comprises a sealingelement, which is configured to removably sealingly couple the deliverytube to the recessed surface.
 29. A method comprising: providing adental implant having a central longitudinal axis, a lateral externalsurface, and a distal implant portion that extends from a distal implantend along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of the implant, the implantbeing shaped so as to define (a) a lumen therethrough having (i) atleast one distal opening through a distal external surface of the distalimplant portion, and (ii) a lateral opening open to the lateral externalsurface, and (b) a recessed surface that is recessed from the lateralexternal surface and completely surrounds the lateral opening; forming aportion of a bore in an alveolar ridge; inserting the implant into thebore at least until the distal opening comes into fluid communicationwith a surface of a Schneiderian membrane facing the ridge; and whilethe implant is in the bore, injecting a material through the lateralopening into the lumen and out of the at least one distal opening. 30.The method according to claim 29, wherein providing the dental implantcomprises providing the dental implant in which the recessed surface isoutside of the lumen.
 31. The method according to claim 29, whereinproviding the dental implant comprises providing the dental implant inwhich the recessed surface faces away from the central longitudinalaxis.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein providing the dentalimplant comprises providing the dental implant in which the recessedsurface is parallel to the central longitudinal axis.
 33. The methodaccording to claim 31, wherein providing the dental implant comprisesproviding the dental implant in which the recessed surface is conical.34. The method according to claim 31, wherein providing the dentalimplant comprises providing the dental implant in which a portion of therecessed surface is conical and a portion of the recessed surface isparallel to the central longitudinal axis.
 35. The method according toclaim 31, wherein providing the dental implant comprises providing thedental implant in which the recessed surface is concave away from thecentral longitudinal axis.
 36. The method according to claim 29, whereinthe material selected from the group consisting of: a regenerativematerial and a fluid, and wherein injecting the material comprisesinjecting the selected material through the lateral opening into thelumen and out of the at least one distal opening.
 37. The methodaccording to claim 29, wherein injecting the material comprisesinjecting through lateral opening from a delivery tube removably coupledto the recessed surface such that the delivery tube is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the lateral opening, and wherein themethod further comprises after injecting the material, decoupling thedelivery tube from the recessed surface.
 38. The method according toclaim 37, wherein the distal tube end comprises a sealing element, andwherein injecting comprises injecting when the sealing element removablysealingly couples the delivery tube to the recessed surface.
 39. Themethod according to claim 38, wherein providing the dental implantcomprises providing the dental implant in which the sealing element isselected from the group consisting of: an o-ring and a gasket.
 40. Themethod according to claim 29, wherein injecting the material comprisesinjecting a regenerative material into a cavity below the membranebetween the ridge and the membrane.
 41. The method according to claim29, wherein injecting the material comprises separating the membranefrom the ridge by injecting a fluid, so as to form a cavity below themembrane between the ridge and the membrane.
 42. The method according toclaim 41, further comprising rotating the implant until the lateralopening is positioned entirely within at least one location selectedfrom the group consisting of: the bore in the ridge, and the cavitybetween the ridge and the membrane.
 43. The method according to claim29, wherein providing the dental implant comprises providing the dentalimplant in which at least a portion of the lateral external surface isshaped so as to define a cutting surface, and the lateral opening iswithin the portion of the lateral external surface that defines thecutting surface.
 44. The method according to claim 29, wherein providingthe dental implant comprises providing the dental implant in which thelumen is not open to a proximal external surface of the implant within 2mm of a proximal-most part of the implant.
 45. A method comprising:providing a dental implant having a central longitudinal axis, a lateralexternal surface, and a distal implant portion that extends from adistal implant end along up to 50% of a longitudinal length of theimplant, the implant being shaped so as to define (a) a lumentherethrough having (i) at least one distal opening through a distalexternal surface of the distal implant portion, and (ii) a lateralopening open to the lateral external surface, and (b) a recessed surfacethat is recessed from the lateral external surface and completelysurrounds the lateral opening; and removably coupling a delivery tube tothe recessed surface such that the delivery tube is in fluidcommunication with the lumen via the lateral opening.
 46. The methodaccording to claim 45, wherein the distal tube end comprises a sealingelement, and wherein coupling comprises coupling the delivery tube tothe recessed surface such that the sealing element removably sealinglycouples the delivery tube to the recessed surface.
 47. The methodaccording to claim 46, wherein providing the dental implant comprisesproviding the dental implant in which the sealing element is selectedfrom the group consisting of: an o-ring and a gasket.
 48. The methodaccording to claim 45, wherein providing the dental implant comprisesproviding the dental implant in which the recessed surface is outside ofthe lumen.
 49. The method according to claim 45, wherein providing thedental implant comprises providing the dental implant in which therecessed surface faces away from the central longitudinal axis.
 50. Themethod according to claim 49, wherein providing the dental implantcomprises providing the dental implant in which the recessed surface isparallel to the central longitudinal axis.
 51. The method according toclaim 49, wherein providing the dental implant comprises providing thedental implant in which the recessed surface is conical.
 52. The methodaccording to claim 49, wherein providing the dental implant comprisesproviding the dental implant in which a portion of the recessed surfaceis conical and a portion of the recessed surface is parallel to thecentral longitudinal axis.
 53. The method according to claim 49, whereinproviding the dental implant comprises providing the dental implant inwhich the recessed surface is concave away from the central longitudinalaxis.
 54. The method according to claim 45, wherein providing the dentalimplant comprises providing the dental implant in which at least aportion of the lateral external surface is shaped so as to define acutting surface, and the lateral opening is within the portion of thelateral external surface that defines the cutting surface.
 55. Themethod according to claim 45, wherein providing the dental implantcomprises providing the dental implant in which the lumen is not open toa proximal external surface of the implant within 2 mm of aproximal-most part of the implant.